• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1 s.37
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• pp.60-65
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• 1999

We have conducted a study of the interobserver reliabilities of Modified Barthel Index and Motor Assessment Scale with 30 patients hospitalized with strokes in the department of circulatory internal medicine, Sang Ji University Oriental Hospital. The observations were performed by two staff and residents in the circulatory internal medicine department. Raters were assigned in random pairs to individual patients. Evaluations were performed independently by the two observers. In order to minimize the impact of fluctuations in the patients' clinical status, the second set of observations immediately followed the first. Each patient was used for only one pair of evaluations. The results were as follows. 1. Mean kappa value of 13 items in Modified Barthel Index(MBD was 0.742, which indicated excellent interobserver reliability. The kappa values indicated almost $perfect({\kappa}:\;0.81-1.00)$ for 4, substantial for $9({\kappa}:\;0.61-0.80)$, and moderate for $2({\kappa}:\;0.41-0.60)$ of 13 items. All items. except Grooming item, showed statistically significant interobserver agreement(p<0.01) 2. Mean kappa value of 8 items. except General tonus, in Motor Assessment Scale(MAS) was 0.823, which indicated excellent interobserver reliability. and this value of Motor Assessment Scale was more high than MBI' s value. 0.81. The kappa values indicated almost perfect for 5, substantial for 3 of 8 items. All items showed statistically significant interobserver agreement(P<0.01).

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.14 no.1_2
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• pp.1-37
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• 2004

We consider the following system of discrete equations $u_i(\kappa)\;=\;{\Sigma{N}{\ell=0}}g_i({\kappa},\;{\ell})f_i(\ell,\;u_1(\ell),\;u_2(\ell),\;{\cdots}\;,\;u_n(\ell)),\;{\kappa}\;{\in}\;\{0,\;1,\;{\cdots}\;,\;T\},\;1\;{\leq}\;i\;{\leq}\;n\;where\;T\;{\geq}\;N\;>\;0,\;1\;{\leq}i\;{\leq}\;n$. Existence criteria for single, double and multiple constant-sign solutions of the system are established. To illustrate the generality of the results obtained, we include applications to several well known boundary value problems. The above system is also extended to that on $\{0,\;1,\;{\cdots}\;\}\;u_i(\kappa)\;=\;{\Sigma{\infty}{\ell=0}}g_i({\kappa},\;{\ell})f_i(\ell,\;u_1(\ell),\;u_2(\ell),\;\cdots\;,\;u_n(\ell)),\;{\kappa}\;{\in}\;\{0,\;1,\;{\cdots}\;\},\;1\;{\leq}\;i\;{\leq}\;n$ for which the existence of constant-sign solutions is investigated.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.94-103
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• 2008

In this paper, we adapt the $\kappa$-means clustering technique to segmenting a given 3D mesh. In order to avoid the locally minimal convergence and speed up the computing time, first we extract sharp vertices from the mesh by analysing its curvature and convexity that respectively reflect the local and global geometric characteristics from the viewpoint of cognitive science. Next the sharp vertices are partitioned into $\kappa$ clusters by iterated converging with the $\kappa$-means clustering method based on the geodesic distance instead of the Euclidean distance between each pair of the sharp vertices. For obtaining the effective result of $\kappa$-means clustering method, it is crucial to assign an initial value to $\kappa$ appropriately. Hence, we automatically compute a reasonable number of clusters as an initial value of $\kappa$. Finally the mesh segmentation is completed by merging other vertices except the sharp vertices into the nearest cluster by geodesic distance.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.9 no.12
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• pp.339-347
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• 2009

Purpose : This study was to investigate the influence of heart rate and coronary calcification on diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice multidetector CT(MDCT) in coronary artery disease. Methods : 178 patients(84 men, 94 women) undergoing cardiac CT were included in this study. 3 coronary arteries(LAD, LCX, RCA) were assessed the presence of significant stenosis($\geq50%$) and the results compared with those of coronary angiography. Results : On a patient-based analysis, the diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice MDCT was 96.6%. The diagnostic accuracy on left anterior descending, left circumflex, right coronary artery were 86.5%, 84.3%, 92.1% respectively. Body mass index and blood pressure were not influenced on diagnostic accuracy of 64-slice MDCT. In less than 60/min of heart rate, accuracy was 90.1% and $\kappa$ value was 0.78. While in more than 70/min of heart rate, accuracy was 75.8% and $\kappa$ value was 0.52. In less than 100 of coronary calcification, accuracy was 91.3% and $\kappa$ value was 0.81. While in more than 400, accuracy was 68.6% and $\kappa$ value was 0.33. Conclusion : 64-slice MDCT shows similar diagnostic accuracy as coronary angiography. But in the context of more than 70/min of heart rate and 400 of coronary calcification, diagnostic accuracy was decreased. So there needs to identify heart rate and coronary calcification in cardiac CT, and if heart rate shows more than 70/min, use beta-blocker to regulate it.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.190-194
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the possibilities of using xanthangum, guargum and ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ as cryoprotectant by examining changes in water content, specific volume, and hardness of bread made from the doughs with gums at $-20^{\circ}C$ freezing chamber for 12 weeks. The specific volume of bread decreased with time. It decreased more sharply in the control. The bread with lowest specific volume had the highest value in the hardness. The bread with ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ showed the lowest value in the hardness. In the water-holding capacity of frozen dough, the bread with ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ had the highest value, and ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ was effective in the protection of the degradation in the quality of the frozen dough during the frozen storage. In the sensory evaluation, texture, color and appearance of the control and the breads with gums did not show the difference for 1 week, but the breads with gums showed the higher score than control in sensory characteristics in the frozen storage for 12 weeks. The bread with ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ showed the highest sensory score during the frozen storage. These results were summarized that ${\kappa}-carrageenan$ was most effective in the protection from the degradation of the quality of frozen dough during the frozen storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to conduct inter-rater and intra-rater reliability tests in patients with low back pain (LBP) using the prone instability test (PIT) and side-lying instability test (SIT). We have analyzed the Korean version Oswestry disability index (K-ODI) correlations and radiograph finding (RF) for validity. METHODS: Individuals (n = 51) (mean age of 40.27 ± 13.28) with LBP for at least over a week were recruited, together with two participating physical therapist examiners. The measurement consisted of PIT, PST, K-ODI, and RF. Sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value, negative predictive value, prevalence index, agreement %, Cohen's kappa, and prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) were calculated. The PIT and SIT were compared with RF for validity analysis, while PIT, SIT, K-ODI, and RF were calculated for the correlation analysis. RESULTS: The intra-rater reliability test measured for the PIT (kappa = .79, PABAK = .88) and SIT (kappa = .73, PABAK = .84), and inter-rater reliability test measured for the SIT (kappa = .80, PABAK = .88) showed good agreements. The PIT (Sn = .65, Sp = .63) and SIT validities (Sn = .68, Sp = .70) were compared with RF, showing a significant correlation in PIT and RF (r = .69), SIT and RF (r = .73), and PIT and K-ODI (r = .53). CONCLUSION: The SIT is a more comfortable position test than the PIT in patients. Both PIT and SIT have acceptable reliability and validity.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.595-598
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• 2014

Background: NF-${\kappa}B$ inhibits apoptosis through induction of antiapoptotic proteins and suppression of proapoptotic genes. Various chemotherapy agents induce NF-${\kappa}B$ translocation and target gene activation. We conducted the present study to assess the predictive value of NF-${\kappa}B$ regarding pathologic responses after receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 131 patients with locally advanced invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect NF-${\kappa}B$ expression. Evaluation of pathologic response was elaborated with the Ribero classification. Results: Expression of NF-${\kappa}B$ was significantly associated with poor pathological response (p=0.02). From the multivariate analysis, it was found that the positive expression of NF-${\kappa}B$ yielded RR=1.74 (95%CI 0.77 to 3.94). Conclusions: NF-${\kappa}B$ can be used as a predictor of poor pathological response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.117-132
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• 2007

In a $2\times2$ table showing binary agreement between two raters, it is known that Cohen's $\kappa$, a chance-corrected measure of agreement, has two paradoxes. $\kappa$ is substantially sensitive to raters' classification probabilities(marginal probabilities) and does not satisfy conditions as a chance-corrected measure of agreement. However, $\kappa$ and other established measures have a reasonable and similar value when each marginal distribution is close to 0.5. The objectives of this paper are to present a new measure of agreement, H, which resolves paradoxes of $\kappa$ by adjusting unbalanced marginal distributions and to compare the proposed measure with established measures through some examples.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.36 no.5_1
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• pp.653-666
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• 2020

Understanding the vegetation structure is important to manage forest resources for sustainable forest development. With the recent development of technology, it is possible to apply new technologies such as drones and deep learning to forests and use it to estimate the vegetation structure. In this study, the vegetation structure of Gongju, Samchuk, and Seoguipo area was identified by fusion of drone-optical images and LiDAR data using Artificial Neural Networks(ANNs) with the accuracy of 92.62% (Kappa value: 0.59), 91.57% (Kappa value: 0.53), and 86.00% (Kappa value: 0.63), respectively. The vegetation structure analysis technology using deep learning is expected to increase the performance of the model as the amount of information in the optical and LiDAR increases. In the future, if the model is developed with a high-complexity that can reflect various characteristics of vegetation and sufficient sampling, it would be a material that can be used as a reference data to Korea's policies and regulations by constructing a country-level vegetation structure map.

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
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• v.73 no.9
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• pp.1310-1314
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• 2018

Non-Maxwellian distributions are found in the laboratory and space plasmas. For an accurate study of plasmas, the Kappa-averaged collision strengths of silicon VIII ion for $4^0S_{3/2}-2^0D_{3/2}$, $4^0S_{3/2}-2^0D_{5/2}$ and $2^0D_{3/2}-2^0D_{5/2}$ transitions are calculated for Kappa distributions with ${\kappa}=2$, 3 and 5 and for temperatures from $10^{4.5}K$ to $10^{6.5}K$. Results indicate that significant differences occur between the averaged collision strengths for the Maxwellian and the Kappa distributions. Fuythermore, and for each ${\kappa}$ value, the Kappa-averaged collision strengths vary in a complicated way with temperature for the $4^0S_{3/2}-2^0D_{3/2}$ and $4^0S_{3/2}-2^0D_{5/2}$ transitions while they decrease with increasing temperature for the $2^0D_{3/2}-2^0D_{5/2}$ transition. The calculation is significant if plasmas are to be studied for a non-Maxwellian distribution.