• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.564-573
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• 2022

In this study, considering the difficulties for all farms to convert farm styles to animal welfare-based housing, an experiment was performed to observe the changes in the behavior and welfare of sows when the slat floor was changed to a collective breeding ground. Twenty-eight sows used in this study were between the second and fifth parities to minimize the influence of parity. Using a flats floor cover, the flattening rates were treated as 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Data collection was the behavior of sows visually observed using a camera (e.g., standing, lying, fighting and excessive biting behaviors, and abnormal behaviors) and the animal welfare level measured through field visits. Lying behavior was found to be higher (p < 0.01) as the flattening rate increased, and sows lying on the slatted cover also increased as the flattening rate increased (p < 0.01). Fighting behavior wasincreased when the flattening rate was increased to 20%, and chewing behavior was increased (p < 0.05) as the flattening rate increased. The animal welfare level of sows, 'good feeding', it was found that all treatment groups for body condition score and water were good at 100 (p < 0.05). 'Good housing' was the maximum value (100) in each treatment group. As the percentage of floor increased, the minimum good housing was increased from 78 in 0% flattening rate to 96 in 50% flattening rate. The maximum (100) 'good health' was achieved in the 0% and 20% flattening rates, and it was 98, 98, and 99 in the 30%, 50%, and 40% flattening rate, respectively. 'Appropriate behavior' score was significantly lower than that of other paremeters, but when the flattening ratio was 0% and 20%, the maximum and minimum values were 10. At 40% and 50%, the maximum values were 39 and 49, respectively, and the minimum values were analyzed as 19 for both 40% and 50%. These results will be used as basic data about sow welfare for farmers to successfully transition to group housing and flat floors.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.20-21
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• 2008

Ferroelectric vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene ($VF_2$-TrFE) copolymer films were directly deposited on degenerated Si ($n^+$, 0.002 $\Omega{\cdot}cm$) using by dip coating method. A 1 ~ 3 wt% diluted solution of purified vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene ($VF_2$:TrFE=70:30) in a dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent were prepared and deposited on silicon wafers using dip coating method for 10 seconds. After Post-Annealing in a vacuum ambient at 100~200 $^{\circ}C$ for 60 min, upper aluminum electrodes were deposited by thermal evaporation through the shadow mask to complete the MFS structure. The ferroelectric $\beta$-phase peak of films, depending on the annealing temperature, started to show up around $125^{\circ}C$, and the intensity of the peak increased with increasing annealing temperature. Above $175^{\circ}C$, the peak started to decrease. The C-V characteristics were measured using a Precision LCR meter (HP 4284A) with frequency of 1MHz and a signal amplitude of 20 mV. The leakage-current versus electric-field characteristics was measured by mean of a pA meter/DC voltage source (HP 4140B).

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.41-44
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• 2008

Studies were made to investigate the difference of the shiitake productivity according to the use of sawdust and liquid spawn on middle-temperature type strain. Treatments inoculated with sawdust spawn have shown that yields were dispersed according to flushing periods and fruit-bodies occurred sporadically on medium. However, treatments inoculated with liquid spawn have shown that yield was relatively concentrated at 1st flushing period and fruit-bodies were densely occurred on medium. At total yield and the number of fresh fruit-bodies until seventh flushing, treatments inoculated with liquid spawn were more than those inoculated with sawdust spawn. Also, biological efficiency (B.E.) of inoculation with 20 ml liquid spawn which produced 30% of the medium weight was highest as 69%, but biological efficiency of inoculation with 10 g sawdust spawn was lowest as 42%. And, although rate of fruit-bodies over 10 g in total yield was high on treatments inoculated with sawdust spawn, amounts of fruit-bodies over 10 g were not different among treatments.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.271-280
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• 2018

The ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Tricholoma is one of mushroom groups that cannot be cultivated artificially. To use this mushroom as applicable resource for food production, it is necessary to obtain information about their mycelial growth properties in various environmental conditions. This study investigated the mycelial growth of four domestic isolates of Tricholoma species (T. bakamatsutake, T. fulvocastaneum, T. matsutake, T. terreum) at different physical and chemical conditions. The optimal physical conditions for their mycelia growth were found to be a temperature range of $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and a pH range of 4.0~7.0 in dark condition. The growth of T. matsutake was retarded at high temperature ($30^{\circ}C$). Tests to determine the chemical factors that affected mycelial growth showed that the four Tricholoma spp. grew 1% saline. T. matsutake grew in up to 2% saline. In the presence of various heavy metals (50 ppm) and pesticides (suppliers' recommended concentration), mycelial growth was inhibited the most by cadmium and emamectin benzoate, respectively. However, all the four Tricholoma spp. grew with $Cu^+$. The growth of T. matsutake was not inhibited by abamectin, acetamiprid, and thiacloprid. Extracellular enzyme activities of amylase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase were detected only in T. bakamatsutake and T. fulvocastaneum. The results of the present study allowed us to determine suitable or harmful environmental conditions for the mycelial cultivation of the Tricholoma spp.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.185-191
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding ammoniated wheat straw treated with HCl on blood biochemical profiles in growing male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Twenty-four growing male buffalo calves (one year of age, 88.54${\pm}$3.81 kg average body weight) were divided into three groups in a completely randomized design on the basis of their body weight. Animals in all the three groups were fed on concentrate mixture. In addition, they were offered wheat straw, ammoniated wheat straw (4% urea at 50% moisture level) and HCI treated ammoniated wheat straw (4% urea at 50% moisture level and HCl added to trap 30% of the NH3 evolved) in groups I, II and III, respectively for a period of 180 days, as per Kearl (1982) for body weight gain of 500 g/d. In all diets, concentrate:roughage ratio was fixed at 50:50 and were made isonitrogenous by adjusting CP levels of conc. mixtures. Blood was collected from jugular vein of each buffalo calf at the beginning and subsequently at two months interval of experimental feeding. Due to urea-ammoniation, the CP content of wheat straw increased from 2.90 to 6.96% and addition of HCl along with urea further increased the CP content to 10.09%. In all the three groups, the mean values of plasma glucose (mg %) and serum globulin (g %), showed a decreasing trend, while the mean value of serum TP (g %), serum A:G ratio, serum urea (mg %), serum creatinine (mg %), serum ALP (KA units), SGOT (units/ml.), SGPT (units/ml), serum T$_3$ and T$_4$ (ng/ml) showed an increasing trend with the advancement of feeding period. The cumulative period mean values of serum TP (6.15 to 6.20 g %), serum albumin (3.07 to 3.18, g %), serum globulin (2.98 to 3.09, g %), serum A:G ratio (1.03 to 1.10), serum ALP (23.15 to 23.63, KA units), serum T$_3$ (1.20 to 1.23 ng/ml) and serum T$_4$ (21.33 to 21.88 ng/ml) were comparable among the groups. The cumulative period mean plasma glucose (mg %) in group III (57.28) was similar to groups I (55.31) and II (59.41), however, the cumulative period mean plasma glucose in group II was significantly (p<0.01) higher than group I. The cumulative period mean serum urea (mg %) in group III (47.34) was significantly (p<0.001) higher than group I (38.38) and II (42.24), which were statistically alike. However, the cumulative period mean serum creatinine values (mg %) in groups II (1.43) and III (1.52) were similar and were significantly (p<0.01) higher than group I (1.24). The cumulative period mean SGOT (units/ml) in groups I, II and III was 91.71, 96.04 and 96.64, respectively. Similarly the cumulative period mean SGPT (units/ml) was 19.00, 19.93 and 20.01 in groups I, II and III, respectively. The cumulative period mean values of SGOT (p<0.05) and SGPT (p<0.001) in groups II and III were similar and were significantly higher than group I. The cumulative period mean serum T$_3$ and T$_4$ values in groups I (1.21 and 21.81), II (1.23 and 21.42) and III (1.20 and 21.33) were comparable. From the present study it may be concluded that feeding of AWS treated with and without HCI to growing male buffalo calves for 180 days had no significant adverse effect on blood biochemical profile.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.85-92
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• 2017

Base isolation system is generally used for low-rise buildings. For high-rise buildings subjected to earthquake loads, a mid-story isolation system was proposed and applied to practical engineering. In this study, seismic responses of high-rise buildings considering the installation story of the mid-story isolation system were evaluated. To do this, the 20-story and 30-story building were used as example structures. Historical earthquakes such as Kobe (1995), Northridge (1994) and Loma Prieta (1989) earthquakes were employed applied as earthquake excitations. The installation location of the mid-story isolation system was changed from the bottom of the $1^{st}$ floor to the bottom of the top floor. The seismic responses of the example building were investigated by changing the location of the isolation layer. Based on the analytical results, when the seismic isolation system is applied, story drift ratio and acceleration response are reduced compared to the case without the isolation system. When the isolation layer is located on the lower part of the building, it is most effective. However, in that case, the possibility that the structure is unstable increases. Therefore, an engineer should consider both structural efficiency and safety when a mid-story isolation system for a high-rise building is designed.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.415-422
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• 2008

Drinking water treatment is enhanced by coagulant dosages and chlorine injection because of pH increase in raw water in droughty seasons such as spring and fall. But water quality deterioration is occurred by increase in residual aluminium and disinfection by-products. Coagulation process can be used to control natural organic matter (NOM) during water treatment. The effect of coagulation process appeared to depend on the pH of water rather than coagulant dosages. In this study, for water treatment in high pH season $H_2SO_4$ was applied for pH adjustment at full scale. Before and after pH adjustment by $H_2SO_4$ injection, water quality of drinking water was evaluate. In the result of investigation of total organic carbon (TOC) removal in high pH season, TOC was removed approximately 30~40%, which showed decrease in water treatment efficiency. Also, it is increased both particle numbers and residual Al concentration in the water. After $H_2SO_4$ injection for adjustment to pH<7.5 in settled water, treated water turbidity decreased in 0.047 NTU from 0.059 NTU, and particle numbers of filtered water decreased in 20/mL from 90/mL. On the other side, TOC removal efficiency increased in approximately 10% after adjustment of pH. In the result of decrease in pH in raw water through more coagulants and prechlorine without $H_2SO_4$ injection, trihalomethanes (THMs) concentration increased in $16{\mu}g/L$ from $8{\mu}g/L$.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.491-497
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• 2004

We investigated some important factors which affect the transdermal flux of ketoprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent, as a first step to provide some basic knowledge for the development of a iontophoretic transdermal patch system. Factors such as current density, polarity, buffer (HEPES) and electrolyte concentration and pH were studied using hairless mouse skin. The effect of poly(L-lysin), which is known to affect the electro-osmotic flow through skin, on flux was also studied. Passive flux was about $20\;{\mu}g/cm^2hr$ at pH 4.0, but was negligible at pH 7.4 where all ketoprofen molecules dissolved are ionized (ketoprofen pKa=5.94). At pH 4.0, application of anodal current increased the flux further above the passive level, however anodal flux at pH 7.4 was much smaller than passive flux at pH 4.0. The application of cathodal current at pH 4.0 increased the average flux to $30-40\;{\mu}g/cm^2hr$, depending on the current density applied. At pH 7.4, cathodal flux was only about $5\;{\mu}g/cm^2hr$. Decrease in buffer and electrolyte concentration increased this cathodal flux about 10 fold. However decrease in HEPES buffer concentration 100 fold did not affect the flux. Anodal flux of acetaminophen was much larger than cathodal flux, indicating that electroosmotic flow can be playing an important role in the flux. Poly(L-lysin) increased the cathodal flux at pH 7.4. These results provide some important insights into the mechanism of transdermal flux of ketoprofen and the role of electroosmotic flow.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2015

In order to outline the kinematics and movement history of a new Quaternary fault, Jingwan Fault in Dangjin, West Korea, we analyzed the geometry of the fault zone composed of a few gouge zones, and made ESR dating for fault gouge materials. The $N55^{\circ}E$ striking Jingwan Fault is a normal fault and exhibits a gradual change in dip (gentle in the lower part, steep in the upper part), indicating a listric fault. As for the fault gouge zone, its thickness varies and reaches 2~3 cm in the lower part or between basement rocks, and 20~30 cm in the middle-upper part or between the basement and Quaternary deposit. It is observed in the latter case that more than three gouge zones develop with different colors, and branch out and re-merge, or they are partly superimposed, indicating different movement episodes. The cumulative displacement is estimated to be about 10 m using the geological cross-sections, from which it is inferred that the total length of fault may be about 2.5 km on the basis of the empirical relation between cumulative displacement and fault length. Therefore, a more study would be needed to verify the entire fault length. The results of ESR dating for three gouge samples at different spots along the fault yields ages of $651{\pm}47$, $649{\pm}96$, and $436{\pm}66ka$, indicating at least two movement episodes. Slickenlines observed on the fault planes indicate a pure dip slip (normal faulting), which suggests that the ENE-WSW trending Jingwan Fault was presumably moved under a NNW-SSE extensional environment.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.565-575
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate shelf-life and quality of fresh-cut Dungkunma (Dioscorea bulbifera) in order to elevate utilization of Dungkunma a fresh food. Before vacuum-packaging (in polyethylene/polypropylene film ($100{\mu}m$, $15{\times}20cm$, $75{\pm}2cmHg$) and storaging at $2^{\circ}C$, Dungkunma was peeled out and cut to dice type ($2.0{\pm}0.5cm^3$), and then washed and blanched using hot water (at $90{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ with 2% NaCl solution for 30 sec). Blanched Dungkunma was pre-dried at room temperature, $40^{\circ}C$ and $50^{\circ}C$ for removing surface water. Each peeled dice Dungkunma was packed 50 g in polyethylene/polypropylene film ($100{\mu}m$, $15{\times}20cm$) with vacuum treatment ($75{\pm}2cmHg$) and stored at $2^{\circ}C$ for 90 days. Hardness and adhesiveness of Dungkunma blanched by 2% NaCl and pre-dried at $50^{\circ}C$ (SB50) were the highest, but changes were the least during storage. Lightness and yellowness of stored Dungkunma in all treatments decreased slightly while redness increased during storage. Changes of color of SB50 was the least. Total concentration of aerobic bacteria in SB50 was $1.88{\pm}0.18log\;CFU/g$ during 90 days and E. coli was detected in all treatments during whole storage periods. Dioscin and allantoin contents of SB50 were virtually unchanged during the storage. Consequently, the results of this study suggest that vacuum packaged Dungkunma after blanching using 2% NaCl solution could be effective to prolong the quality of fresh-cut Dungkunma.