• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.330-339
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• 2018

Purpose: This study examined the dietary habits and nutritional status of young children in Korea. Methods: Data were collected from the 2013 ~ 2015 KNHNES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) by health behavior interviews and the 24-hour dietary recall method. This study included 1,214 (445 aged 1 ~ 2 years, 769 aged 3 ~ 5 years) young children aged 1 ~ 5 years. To analyze the dietary status of young children, the general characteristics of young children and their mothers, their dietary behaviors and health factors, and nutritional status and frequently consumed foods were analyzed. Results: The starting time of bovine milk and weaning were 14 ~ 15 months and 6.2 months, respectively. Eighty two percent of young children ate breakfast 5 ~ 7 times per week while only 2.3% of them skipped breakfast. The highest percentage (35.8%) of the frequency of eating-out was 5 ~ 6 times per week. The prevalence of asthma, atopy, and allergic rhinitis was significantly higher in young children 3 ~ 5 years old than in those 1 ~ 2 years old. The subjects with lower recommended energy intake were 44.1% and 57.4% of young children 1 ~ 2 years old and 3 ~ 5 years old, respectively. Most nutrients except calcium and potassium were taken enough. For the intakes of calcium and potassium, 51% and 64% of young children 1 ~ 2 years and 3 ~ 5 years old, respectively, were taking less than the recommended calcium intake, and 79.5% and 75.5% of young children 1 ~ 2 years and 3 ~ 5 years old, respectively, did not meet the recommended potassium intake. The frequently consumed foods of young children 1 ~ 2 years old were milk, white rice, apple, curd yogurt, and egg, and those of 3 ~ 5 years old children were milk, white rice, apple, egg, and mandarin. Conclusion: The results of this study can be used to provide basic data for the nutritional education of mothers and teachers and assist in the development of sustainable dietary programs for young children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.10-22
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• 2021

Purpose: Key Foods refers to foods that have a high contribution in the nutrient intake of individuals, and exert important effects on their health. This study was undertaken to identify Korean Key Foods, using data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES). Methods: The data source for the extraction of Key Foods was the 24-hour dietary survey data obtained from the 7th KNHNES (2016-2018), and 21,271 subjects were evaluated. A total of 17 nutrients were selected as the key nutrients for identifying the Key Foods, including energy, carbohydrates, protein, lipid, dietary fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, cholesterol, and sugars. The nutrient consumption approach was applied to generate a list of potential Key Foods. Foods included in 85% of the cumulative intake contribution from one or more key nutrients, were subsequently selected as Key Foods. Results: Of the 1,728 foods consumed by survey respondents, we extracted 728 Key Foods. These Key Foods explained 94% key nutrient intakes of the subjects. Based on the contribution rate to key nutrient intake, the top 10 Key Foods identified were multigrain rice (5.32%), plain white rice (4.23%), milk (3.3%), cabbage kimchi (2.82%), grilled pork belly (1.56%), apples (1.52%), fried eggs (1.49%), cereal (1.36%), instant coffee mix (1.21%), and sweet potatoes (1.12%). These 10 foods accounted for 23.93% total key nutrient intake of the survey respondents. Conclusion: Seven hundred and twenty-eight foods were extracted and identified as the 2020 Korean Key Foods. These Key Foods can be considered the priority foods to be analyzed for establishing a national nutrient database.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.306-315
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• 2014

The purpose of this study in the case of stress recognition, the lower the age was, as they had a spouse, the higher they got educated, and the worse their subjective health state was, the higher the stress recognition appeared. this study selected 6,227 adults over the age of 19 from the 5th first-year data of Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHNES)conducted by KCDC(Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)in 2010. In the case of experience of depression symptoms, female subjects experienced more depression symptoms than male ones; study subjects aged between 19 and 54 years experienced more; the worse their subjective health state was, the more they experienced; and in the case of non-education about diabetics, those who did physical activity more than four days experienced more symptoms. In the case of suicide ideation, female subjects ideation suicide more than male ones; as they had no spouse, the lower they got educated, the worse their subjective health state was, and as they never did physical activity, they more experienced suicide ideation. Then, it is expected that the results of this study can contribute to chronic-disease patients'leading a much healthier life in the future.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2016

Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) has been widely used as a marker of alcohol intake and liver failure. Recently, the relativity between GGT and various diseases has been identified with growing interest. In this study, we examined relativity between GGT value and risk factors of coronary heart diseases among those with normal GGT value, excluding heavy drinkers. Specifically, we compared the differences based on age and gender. Data from the 2011 KNHNES were used (N=3,619). When the subjects were categorized according to quartile based on the serum GGT levels, there was 10~20, 21~27, 28~38, 39~71 IU/L in men, and 6~12, 13~16, 17~22, 23~42 IU/L in women. The mean of most variables was the highest in the $4^{th}$ quartile (Q4), however age and LDL Cholesterol were the highest in the $2^{nd}$ quartile (Q2) in men. The FRS and 10-year CHD risk was the highest in the $2^{nd}$ quartile in men, and the highest in the $4^{th}$ quartile in women. Increased GGT was correspondingly linked with age in women but age was the highest in GGT in the $2^{nd}$ quartile in men. In the 70's, the highest Q1 and Q2 was in men and the highest Q3 and Q4 in women. Although GGT value was within the normal range, increased GGT showed correlation with various risk factors. The FRS and 10-year CHD risk showed different patterns according to age and gender along with increased GGT value.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.443-452
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the utilization behavior of medical services according to the characteristics of socioeconomic status (SES) and prevalence by using the 6th National Health and Nutrition Survey data for adults over 25 years old. Frequency and technical statistical analysis, ANOVA, ${\chi}^2$-test, and regression analysis were performed using SPSS 23.0. The results were as follows: more female than male, 65 years old and over, high school graduate, and unemployed and income quintiles were similar. The SES score considering education level, function, and income quintiles was the highest at 7-8, and most of the respondents felt moderate about their subjective health condition. The mean number of prevalence was $1.07{\pm}1.497$, the mean utilization of outpatient services was $0.50{\pm}0.045$, and the mean number of inpatient services use was $0.12{\pm}0.454$. Depending on general characteristics, there was a significant difference between subjects with prevalence and subjective health conditions. Higher age was associated with lower education, skill level, income, and SES score, and average prevalence was associated with poor subjective health conditions. More serious prevalence was associated with greater utilization of inpatient services. More chronic prevalence was associated with utilization of outpatient services. In other words, higher SES score was associated with lower overall use of medical services. Lower SES score was associated with higher use of medical services. In conclusion, we must develop appropriate health education programs that can prevent diseases in groups with low socioeconomic characteristics. There is the need to construct and implement a community-based appropriate health service system so that proper medical services can be used.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.501-518
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Sodium intake is positively associated with blood pressure, which may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, we assessed the disease burden of CVD attributable to sodium intakes above 2,000 mg/day and prospectively investigated the association between dietary/urinary sodium levels and the risk of all-cause and CVD-mortality using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 68,578 and 33,113 participants were included for comparative risk assessment (CRA) analysis and mortality analysis, respectively, and mean follow-up time for mortality was 5.4 years. CRA analysis was used to quantify attributable incidences of stroke, ischemic heart disease (IHD), and deaths attributable to sodium intake between 1998 and 2016. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to determine the association between sodium intake and all-cause and CVD-mortality. RESULTS: Mean dietary sodium intake decreased over time, reaching 3,647 mg/day in 2016. Similarly, the population attributable fractions of stroke and IHD, and the number of CVD-associated deaths attributable to high sodium intake/excretion also decreased. In terms of association with mortality, when participants were grouped into quartiles (Q) by energy-adjusted sodium intake, those in Q2 had a lower risk of all-cause mortality than those in Q1 with lower intakes. The risk of CVD-associated mortality was higher only in females with high sodium intake in Q4 than those in Q1. CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide data indicates that, in line with previous studies of multiple cohorts, both low and high sodium intakes may be associated with an increased risk of mortality; therefore, the optimal sodium intake for Koreans needs to be revised.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.313-324
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• 2020

Objectives: The aim of this study was to confirm the association among the health status, health behaviors, and periodontitis according to total, age and sex in cases of adult metabolic syndrome(MetS). Methods: This cross-sectional study used collected data from the 7^th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) conducted from 2016 to 2018 with 3,394 adults with MetS aged 19-79 years. The complex samples logistic regression analysis confirmed the relevant factors for periodontitis. Results:Periodontitis was diagnosed in 43.6% of all MetS cases. Diabetes (Odds Ratio [OR]=1.554), abdominal obesity (OR=1.336), current smoking (OR=2.465), past smoking (OR=1.379), and not-using oral care products (OR=1.414) were associated with periodontitis in MetS. In the age of 19-39 years with MetS group, diabetes (OR=5.379), elevated blood pressure (OR=3.975), current smoking (OR=7.430), and not using oral care products (OR=3.356) were associated with periodontitis. In the 40-79 age group, diabetes (OR=1.398), abdominal obesity (OR=1.360), current smoking (OR=2.022), and not using oral care products (OR=1.416) were associated with periodontitis. In the male MetS group, current smoking (OR=3.119), past smoking (OR=1.625), and brushing teeth more than three times (OR=0.743) were associated with periodontitis. In the female MetS group, diabetes (OR=1.733), impaired fasting glucose (OR=1.434), abdominal obesity (OR=1.479), and not using oral care products (OR=1.992) were associated with periodontitis. Conclusions: Improvement in blood sugar control, obesity, smoking cessation, and oral health education, including how to use oral care products in all individuals with MetS may result in improved oral health. In addition, improvement in elevated blood pressure in the MetS group aged under 40 years, and brushing teeth more than three times a day in the male MetS group can reduce the risk of periodontitis. Therefore, public and oral health professionals should emphasize on the relationship between age and sex during the metabolic syndrome management program and share relevant information with patients.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.57-67
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• 2016

This study is designed to investigate the differences of ferritin and hemoglobin levels according to the vitamin D state in 23577 Korean adult subjects by using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV, V. Ferritin and hemoglobin levels are analyzed based on the quintile of vitamin D levels by a generalized linear model. The results of analysis showed that there was a relationship between vitamin D state and hemoglobin levels in females in the reproductive status group (p<0.001). In case of ferritin, there was a relationship with vitamin D state in females in reproductive status group (p<0.001) and males under 65 years old group (p<0.05). Within the male group, high ferritin correlated with low vitamin D state; but in the female group, high ferritin correlated with high vitamin D state. Therefore, it is possible for the ferritin level to be affected by vitamin D state in females in reproductive status group and males under 65 years old group.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.81-90
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• 2023

Objectives: This study analyzed the decline in quality of life according to age in the chronic disease patient group, quantified it as a quantitative index, and compared it by sex and chronic disease. Methods: In the 2017-2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database, 11,473 adults aged 19 years or older, excluding cancer patients, were analyzed for age-specific changes in the EQ-5D Index by chronic disease. The decline in quality of life according to age in patients with chronic diseases was analyzed by linear regression analysis while controlling for general characteristics. Then, linear regression analysis was performed according to sex. Results: In the case of the control group, the quality of life decreased by 0.0004 for every 1-year increase in age(P<0.001). By chronic disease, asthma(β=0.0019, P<0.001), arthritis(β=0.0017, P=0.002), thyroid dis- ease(β=0.0016, P=0.015), dyslipidemia(β=0.0011, P=0.020), and hypertension(β=0.0009, P=0.027) mostly showed a greater decrease in quality of life than the control group. In addition, when divided into two groups by sex, hypertension(β=0.0012, P=0.029), thyroid disease(β=0.0041, P=0.038), and arthritis(β=0.0022, P<0.001) showed a significant decrease in quality of life only in male. Diabetes(β=0.0056, P=0.038), dyslipi- demia(β=0.0022, P=0.001) significantly decreased quality of life only in female. Conclusions: Chronic disease had a negative impact on patients perception of quality of life, and the more severe the pain and activity limitation due to the chronic disease, the more severe it was. It also showed different patterns according to sex. Therefore, it is necessary to allocate more medical resources and provide policy support to prevent chronic diseases, which are serious social problems.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the relevance of mental health and nutritional intake according to the sleep duration of Korean adolescents. This study was based on data from the 2007-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHNES), including 5,489 total subjects (2,795 middle school students, 2,694 high school students). The association between sleep duration and mental health was analyzed using a logistic regression analysis, and the link between sleep duration and nutritional intake was analyzed via a generalized linear model. An analysis of sleep duration showed that middle school students had a higher average sleep duration than high school students (P<0.0001). An analysis of the relationship between sleep duration and mental health showed that middle school students had lower rates of stress perception (P<0.0001) and suicidal ideation (P=0.0005) as their sleep duration increased. High school students had 53% less suicidal ideation in the group getting 6-7 hours compared to the group getting less than 6 hours, and 37% less suicidal ideation than the group getting 7-8 hours. The link between sleep duration and stress perception was statistically significant among both middle and high school students (P for interaction=0.02). An analysis of the daily intake of major nutrients according to sleep hours found high intake of vitamin C in groups where high school students slept more than nine hours (P=0.003). The state of nutritional intake according to higher sleep duration showed statistically significant differences between higher intake of phosphorus, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C in Nutrient Adequacy Ratio for high school students. In conclusion, adolescents' sleep duration is associated with stress perception, suicidal ideation and nutritional intake. Therefore, this study emphasizes the mental importance of adolescent sleep and can be used as a basis for nutrition education.