• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 2005

A kinetic assay was carried out in order to compare the ability of detection for prekallikrein activator(PKA) in plasma-derived products with that of an endpoint assay and a commercial method. Using these methods, 9 human albumin preparations were assayed and compared to each other. The coefficient of variation between the Kinetic assay and the end point assay was found within 6.6% and this result showed that two methods were highly correlative and the end point assay could act as a replacement of the kinetic assay. Another important goal of this study was to investigate the reproducibility among laboratories on the kinetic assay. A collaborative study was performed to validate the kinetic method with intra and inter assays. The coefficient of variation for the intra assay of each laboratory was less than 4% and that for between individuals in the inter assay was 4.1%. These results revealed that the kinetic assay showed good reproducibility. The contents of PKA in plasma-derived products were also determined by the kinetic assay. As a result, it was found that trace amounts of PKA were present in 32 human immunoglobulin preparations, however the average concentration of PKA in 171 albumin preparations was 5.8 IU/mL.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.337-343
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• 2011

A particular empirical equation for rainfall kinetic energy is needed to compute rainfall erosivity, calculated by the annual sum of the product of total rainfall energy and maximum 30-min rainfall intensity. If rainfall kinetic energy equation was different, rainfall erosivity will be produced differently. However, the previous studies in Korea had little concern about rainfall kinetic energy equation and it was not clear which rainfall kinetic energy is suitable for Korea. The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the difference of the rainfall erosivity based on different rainfall kinetic energy equations obtained from previous studies. This study introduced new rainfall erosivity factors based on rainfall kinetic energy equation of Noe and Kwon (1984) that is only regression model developed in Korea. Data of annual rainfall erosivity for 21 weather stations in 1980~1999 were used in this study. The result showed that rainfall erosivity factors by the previous equations had been about 10~20% overestimated than rainfall erosivity by Noe and Kwon (1984)'s equation in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.178-184
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• 1993

The procedure using equivalent time at reference temperature has been assessed for the estimation of kinetic parameters with experimental data. Kinetic studies of nonenzymatic browning reaction in model and food system were carried out with linearly increasing temperature method. These kinetic parameters, n, $k_{ref}$ and $E_a$ of the systems were evaluated from original data in one step by nonlinear least square regression. The one step procedure yielded efficiently accurate parameter estimation. Computer simulated data with the kinetic models were well consistent with experimental data (average correlation coefficient=0.96).

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.11-19
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• 2017

Background: Methods for exercising serratus anterior (SA) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles are important for the recovery of patients with various shoulder disorders, yet the efficacy of closed or open kinetic chain exercises have not yet been evaluated. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the activation of the SA and UT muscles during scapular protraction considering both closed and open kinetic chain exercises. Methods: Thirty subjects were randomly divided into experimental groups (closed kinetic chain exercise) and control groups (open kinetic chain exercise) in which scapular protraction was performed at $90^{\circ}$ or $125^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion. Electromyographic activity data were collected from the SA and UT muscles per position and exercise method. Results: Separate mixed 2-way analysis of variance showed significant differences in the activation of the SA (F1,28=6.447, p=.017) and the UT (F1,28=35.450, p=.001) muscles between the groups at $90^{\circ}$ and $125^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion. Also, the SA/UT ratio measures at $90^{\circ}$ and $125^{\circ}$ shoulder flexion significantly differed between the groups (F1,28=15.457, p=.001). That is, the closed chain exercise was more effective than open chain exercise for strengthening the SA muscle and controlling the UT muscle, $125^{\circ}$ of shoulder joint was more effective than $90^{\circ}$. Conclusion: The findings suggest that scapular protraction with shoulder $125^{\circ}$ flexion at the closed kinetic chain exercise may be more effective in increasing SA muscle activation and decreasing UT muscle activation as well as increasing the SA/UT ratio than open kinetic chain exercise.

• Plant Journal
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.36-46
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• 2017

In the reaction furnace of modified Claus process, chemical equilibrium reactions and kinetic reactions occur simultaneously. The main kinetic components are hydrogen ($H_2$), carbon monoxide (CO), carbonyl sulphide (COS) and carbon disulphide ($CS_2$). The equilibrium calculations, empirical correlations and sulfur recovery technology providers' (licensors) data for kinetic components (COS and $CS_2$) in the reaction furnace were analyzed to evaluate the amount of kinetic components by applying them to five different projects in which GS Engineering & Construction participated. Kinetic components ($H_2$ and CO) are also calculated and the results are analyzed to evaluate the impact of temperature in the reaction furnace and the waste heat boiler. Total required $O_2$ deviations for combustion in the reaction furnace are additionally shown, with and without side reactions. A full understanding of side reactions in the modified Claus process can help to improve sulfur recovery efficiency and optimize equipment design.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.423-428
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• 2011

Inactivation kinetic data of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Enteritidis via treatment with aqueous chlorine dioxide treatment at a specific concentration were evaluated using the first-order kinetic and Weibull models. The Weibull model showed a better fit with the kinetic data than the first-order kinetic model. The survival curves after the aqueous chlorine dioxide treatment showed $t_R$ values(time required to reduce microbial populations by 90%) of 2.49 min for E. coli O157:H7 at 5 ppm, 1.47 min for L. monocytogenes at 5 ppm, 0.94 min for S. aureus at 5 ppm, 0.87 min for S. Typhimurium at 1 ppm, and 0.08 min for S. Enteritidis at 1 ppm, according to the Weibull model.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.16-21
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• 2011

The effects of stroke change on turbulent kinetic energy for the in-cylinder flow of a four-valve SI engine were studied. For this study, the same intake manifold, head, cylinder, and the piston were used to examine turbulence characteristics in two different strokes. In-cylinder flow measurements were conducted using three dimensional LDV system. The measurement method, which simultaneously collects 3-D velocity data, allowed a evaluation of turbulent kinetic energy inside a cylinder. High levels of turbulent kinetic energy were found in regions of high shear flow, attributed to the collisions of intake flows. These specific results support the more general conclusion that the inlet conditions play the dominant role in the generation of the turbulence fields during the intake stroke. However, in the absence of two counter rotating vortices, this intake generated turbulent kinetic energy continues to decrease but at a much faster rate.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.250-256
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• 2006

The combustion kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was studied by the dynamic model which accounts for the thermal decomposition of polymer at any time. The kinetic analysis was performed by a conventional nonisothermal thermogravimetric (TG) technique at several heating rates between 10 and 40 K/min in air atmosphere. The thermal decomposition of PET in air atmosphere was found to be a complex process composed of at least two stages for which kinetic values can be calculated. The combustion kinetic analysis of PET gave apparent activation energy for the first stage of $257.3{\sim}269.9\;kJ/mol$, with a value of $140.5{\sim}213.8\;kJ/mol$ for the second stage. To verify the effectiveness of the kinetic analysis method used in this work, the kinetic analysis results were compared with those of various analytical methods. The kinetic parameters were also compared with values of the pyrolysis of PET in nitrogen atmosphere.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.42-46
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• 2016

Kinetic typography is technology such as color, scale, position of the letter changes dynamically with time and it communicates information with aesthetics and originality. The purpose of this study is to identify the design factors in the formativeness of Hangul and present and implement the interaction design method of unique Hangul kinetic typography based on the scientific structure of Hangul. We implemented the Hangul kinetic typography system, which varies in sizes and motion directions according to a viewer's movement and exhibited in a media art event. To do this, we used a viewer's skeleton information on typography synchronization. The results indicated that Hangul kinetic typography has potential not only as a means to communicate with viewers but also as a medium to show the artistic value of Hangul.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.929-934
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• 2011

The adsorption kinetic study of ruthenium complex, N3, onto nanoporous titanium dioxide ($TiO_2$) photoanodes has been carried out by measuring dye uptake in-situ. Three simplified kinetic models including a pseudo first-order equation, pseudo second-order equation and intraparticle diffusion equation were chosen to follow the adsorption process. Kinetic parameters, rate constant, equilibrium adsorption capacities and related coefficient coefficients for each kinetic model were calculated and discussed. It was shown that the adsorption kinetics of N3 dye molecules onto porous $TiO_2$ obeys pseudo second-order kinetics with chemisorption being the rate determining step. Additionally the heterogeneous surface and the pore size distribution of porous $TiO_2$ adsorbents were also discussed.