• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.95-105
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• 1986

For the purpose of obtaining a basic data in selecting a suitable material with clinical care, this study was designed to measure the shear stress and to examine the fracture pattern of various dentin bonding restorative materials using 43 extracted bicuspids. The following results were obtained. 1. In dentin, Silux/Scotchbond group showed the highest value ($34.5{\pm}14.7kg/cm^2$) and Fuji Ionomer Type II group and Heliosit/Dentin-Adhesit group showed almost same bond strength in the next place. Durafill/Dentin-Adhesive group showed an infinitesimal value. ($3.1{\pm}1.4kg/cm^2$) 2. Every group showed no difference in bond strength between upper and lower teeth. Between buccal and lingual surfaces. Fuji Ionomer Type II and Durafill/Dentin-Adhesive groups showed too. But, in Silux/Scotchbond and Heliosit/Dentin-Adhesit groups, it was shown that the bond strength in lingual was stronger than in buccal. 3. There was resin fracture with cohesive fracture of bonding agent in Enamel group. In dentin, adhesive-cohesive fracture and adhesive fracture were shown. 4. The stronger bond strength was, the more frequently cohesive fracture occurred. Dentin-Adhesit group showed specific shining appearance as if varnish became hard.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.273-280
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• 2011

In this study, the steady state performance of a $CO_2$ heat pump water heater was measured with a variation of operating conditions such as refrigerant charge amount, compressor frequency, EEV opening, and water mass flow rate. Transient state performance tests were also conducted to investigate major system effects associated with the interaction between the $CO_2$ heat pump water heater and the water tank. Optimum refrigerant charge amount for the system was 1600 g. At compressor frequencies of 50 Hz and 60 Hz, water mass flow rates of 95 kg/h and 105 kg/h, and EEV opening of 8% and 16%, the water heating temperatures were $65^{\circ}C$ and $68^{\circ}C$ and COPs were 3.0 and 2.8, respectively. In the transient condition, the instantaneous COP decreased with an increase in the inlet water temperature.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.99-105
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• 2009

In this research, the genotoxic effects of Pinelliae Rhizoma (PR) extracts, one of famous herbal agents in Korean medicine were evaluated using the mouse micronucleus test. PR extracts was administered once a day for 2 continuous days by oral gavage to male ICR mice at doses of 2000, 1000, and 500 mg/kg. Cyclophosphamide was used as a known genotoxic agent in a positive control. The appearance of a micronucleus is used as an index for genotoxic potential. No PR extracts treatment-related abnormal clinical signs, body weight changes and mortalities were detected. Significant (p<0.01) increases of the numbers of polychromatic erythrocytes contain micronucleus in prepared bone marrow cells were detected in CPA and PR extracts 2000 mg/kg treated groups as compared with intact control, respectively. The results of intraperitoneal dose mouse bone marrow cell micronucleus test of PR extracts were positive in the present study. It is considered that there were no problems from cytotoxicity of PR extracts tested in this study because the polychromatic erythrocyte ratio was detected as > 0.42 in all tested groups.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2008

The germplasm of 246 rice cultivars was analysed for iron and zinc contents using a Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma (ICP) at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) Philippines. Iron contents ranged from 2.0 to 12.0, and zinc ranged from 10.0 to 33.0 (mg/kg), showing with the mean values of 4.3 and 22.8 (mg/kg), respectively. In genotypes tested, there was approximately a two-fold difference in iron and zinc concentrations, suggesting a genetic potential to increase these micronutrients in rice grain. A highly significant positive correlation ($r^2=0.503$) was found between iron and zinc contents. Iron contents decreased drastically as polishing time increased, whereas zinc decreased only slightly. In the interaction between genotype and environment on iron contents, genotype (G), environment (E), and the G ${\times}$ E interactions accounted for 69%, 5% and 26% of the sums of squares, respectively. Indicating that genotype is would be the most significant factor for the to improve iron contents of rice in rice breeding, suggesting that therefore identifying genotypes with relatively stable performance across various environments is important as staple food crops.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1593-1598
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• 2003

Nutritional evaluation of some agro-industrial byproducts available in Samoa [dry brewers' grains (DBG), cocoa shell (CS), cocoa dust (CD) and desiccated coconut waste meal (DCWM)] available in Samoa was carried out using both the in vivo and in vitro techniques. In the in vivo study 24 Anglo-nubian goats were offered by-products with other feed ingredients to compound four different diets. The goats were randomly allocated to 4 diets on the basis of liveweight (18.7-0.3kg). The ADF content of the byproducts followed a similar trend to NDF. The byproducts have a high content of organic matter (91.0-95.4%). Gross energy (GE) content was higher in DCWM (25.1 MJ/kg DM), closely followed by CD (23.2 MJ/kg DM). Concentrate intake was significantly different (p<0.05) among the goats. Average daily live weight gains were 105, 92, 88 and 97 g/goat/day for DBG, CS, CD and DCWM, respectively. Daily live weight gains were higher (p<0.05) in the goats that received DBG, while the least gain was obtained in the goats that received CS byproduct diet. DM digestibility was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the goats on DBG diet than in the other goats. The least DM digestibility was obtained in the goats that received CD diet (p>0.05). CP digestibility followed a similar pattern to DM digestibility. The digestibility of NDF and ADF was influenced by the nature of the diets. The digestibility of OM and GE were best (p<0.05) in the goats that received DBG, DCWM and CS byproduct diets than in CD. Significant differences (p<0.05) among the byproducts were recorded for net gas production. Potential gas production (a+b) ranged from 7.064 to 42.17 ml. Organic matter digested (OMD) from gas production value at 24 h was higher in DBG (47.6 g/kg DM) and this was followed by DCWM (42.5 g/kg DM). The least OMD was obtained in CD (17.9 g/kg DM). A significant difference (p<0.05) in DM disappearance after 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h was recorded. The potential and effective degradability varied significantly (p<0.05) from 85.95-99.6 g/kg DM and from 39.9-65.8%, respectively. The digestibility of the byproducts in both the in vivo and in in vitro techniques demonstrated that they are potential source of feed ingredients for ruminant livestock in Samoa and possibly in the other small Pacific Island countries. On the basis of their potential degradability the byproducts could be ranked in the following order:DCWM>DBG>CD>CS. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that all the byproducts can contribute to ruminant livestock diets without adverse effects on feed intake, growth rate and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.100-105
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• 1997

DW-166HC ($^{166}$Holmium-chitosan) is a complex of $^{166}$Ho, $\beta$- and $\gamma$-ray emitter, and chitosan, a polymer of glucosamine, with radiotherapeutic potential. The current study was performed to determine the acute toxicities of $^{165}$Ho-chitosan in mice by two different routes of administration. The both sex mice were given a single intravenous bolus injection of $^{165}$Ho-chitosan complex at doses of 12, 10, 6, 5 and 4 mg/kg or subcutaneous administration at doses of 600, 500, 400 and 300 mg/kg. Chitosan was dosed to control animals as 16 and 800 mg/kg, intravenously and subcutaneously, respectively. The doses of $_{165}$Ho-chitosan complex were expressed as $_{165}$holmium nitrate pentahydrate and the ratio of $^{165}$Ho$(NO_3)_3$).$5H_2O$ to chitosan was 3/4 Severe convulsion and respiratory failure were followed by death within 10 min after intravenous dosing. Transient unilateral hindlimb hypokinesias were found in two mice of 5 mg/kg dosing group during the study period. No abnormalities were observed during the necropsy of survived animals in intravenous dosing group. Only one male animal was found dead in 500 mg/kg subcutaneously dosed group. Alopecia with or without cutaneous ulcer were found in most mice including control animals. During necropsy, omental adhesion was observed in all dose ranges and enlarged spleen was found in several animals including control group. It is suggested that the acute intravenous >).$LD_{50}s$ for male and female mice were 4.90 and 6.03 mg/kg, respectively. The lowest lethal dose in male was 500 mg/kg by subcutaneous administration.

• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 1996

Polyclonal antiserum R101 against aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$) was raised in New Zealand white rabbits after injection of bovine serum albumin-$AFB_1$ conjugate. Competitive ELISA (enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay) demonstrated that antiserum R101 has the highest binding for $AFB_1$ (50% inhibition at 170 fmol) and aflatoxicol II (50% inhibition at 112 fmol). It also reacts with other aflatoxins such as $AFB_2$, $AFG_1$, $AFG_2$, and aflatoxin metabolites ($AFM_1$, $AFM_2$, $AFP_1$, and $AFQ_1$), but it does not cross-react with $AFG_2a$. Using this antiserum, aflatoxins were quantitated in 100 urine samples of undergraduate students at the College of Pharmacy, Sung Kyun Kwan University, Republic of Korea. By ELISA, $AFB_1$ and its metabolites were detected in human urine samples (N=100, male=89, female=11, ages=20~31 yrs) with a range of 1.4~200.6 ng/kg/day (mean$\pm$SD=$18.11{\pm}33.01\;ng\;AFB_1/kg/day$ in males, $3.82{\pm}2.65\;ng/kg/day$ in females). Assuming that urinary excretion is about 7.6% of $AFB_1$ intake (Groopman et al., 1992), we estimated that Koreans were daily exposed to a total dietary $AFB_1$ of $240.20{\pm}438.67\;ng/kg/day$ in males and $50.35{\pm}29.88\;ng/kg/day$ in females, respectively. When the human monitoring data was applied to a linear regression model of Y=21.67X-10.04 {Y=liver cancer incidence per 100,000, X=Log $AFB_1$ intake (ng/kg/day), r=0.99} developed from previously reported epidemiological data, calculated liver cancer incidences attributed to $AFB_1$ exposure were 41.56/100,000 in males and 26.84/100,000 in females. The incidences were similarly correlated with liver cancer mortality rates of 43.43/100,000 in males and 11.23/100,000 in females in Korea. These results suggest that aflatoxin exposure may be an important risk factor for the high incidence of liver cancer in Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

With recent interest organic farming the use of legumes including vetch and clover to provide N to adjacent crops is increasing in Korea. In the present studies, we conducted a trial to investigate the effects of the application of N rate on nitrogen fixation and transfer from vetch to barley in mixed stands. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Four different N rates(0, 75, 113 and 150/ha) was used and vetch+barley was broadcasted manually on 1.5 $\times$2 m plot in Oct. 2001. Half of urea and K$_{2}O, 200 Phosphate and 75 kg potash per ha were applied as basal dressing md half of N md 75 potash were used for topdressing to soil surface on MarctL 2002. The equivalent of 1kg ha$^{-1}$ at($^{15}$NH$_{4}$)$_{2}$SO$_{4}$ solution at 99.8 atom $\%$$^{15}$N excess was applied to the microplot in mid April. Forage was harvested from each plot at ground level and separated into barley and vetch. Total N content and It values of samples were determined using a continuous flow stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry(IsoPrime-EA. Micromass, UK.). The percentage of legume H fixed from atmospheric N2 were 95.0, 93.8, 94.4 and $84.8\%$ with increment of N levels. The percentage of N transfer from vetch to barley by N-difference method with increment of N fertilizer were from 58 to$49\%$ while 39 to $23\%$ in $^{15}$N-dilution method. The amount of transfer from vetch to barley were 87 to 68 kg/ ha with N level by N-difference moth여 and 58 to -56/ha with N application levels by $^{15}$N dilution method. The amount of nitrogen fixation per ha were from 150 kg / ha to 219 kg / ha by different method, but on the other side 49 to 105kg/ha by N$^{15}$-dilution.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.105-112
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• 2010

Applications of plant residues and green manures generally improve the properties of soil under conventional farming system. Therefore, we investigated the improvement of selected soil physical properties, bulk density, porosity, and water content, soil penetration resistance, and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) content as affected by different management practices: 1) conventional tillage without rice straw or green manure crop treatment (TNT, check plot), 2) no-tillage amended with rice straw (NTRS), 3) no-tillage amended with rye (NTR), 4) no-tillage amended with Chinese milk vetch (NTCMV), 5) no-tillage without rice straw or green manure crop treatment (NTNT), The values of bulk density, porosity, and water content ranged from 1.22 to 1.37 Mg $m^3$, from 48.3 to 54.0%, and from 35.0 to 40.2%, respectively. The management practices might positively influence the changes in the selected soil properties, especially in the second experimental year. The soil penetration resistance and SMBC content were also improved after applying rice straw and green manure crops as comparing with TNT. Therefore, applications of the rice straw and green manure crop management practices under no-tillage system positively influenced soil physical properties and soil microbial activities in paddy field.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1763-1770
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• 2011

Fifty-six [(Duroc${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Landrace] pigs with an average initial BW of 19.3${\pm}$0.17 kg were used in this 15-wk growth experiment to investigate the effects of grape pomace fermented by Saccharomyces boulardii on pig growth performance, nutrient digestibility and quality attributes of pork. Pigs were allotted to 2 dietary treatments (7 replications) based on their initial BW in a randomized complete block design. The experimental treatments were: i) control (CON; basal diet), ii) FGPP (CON+30 g/kg fermented grape pomace product). Dietary FGPP improved (p<0.05) average daily gain (ADG), coefficient apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) during 35-70 d of the experiment. Similarly, pigs fed the FGPP supplemented diet had a higher N digestibility (p<0.05) in the finisher phase (day 71-105). Dietary FGPP increased (p<0.05) the marbling score, the redness ($a^*$) and yellowness ($b^*$) values, as well as the anti-oxidative ability (lower TBARS). The inclusion of FGPP reduced palmitic acid (C:16:0), stearic acid (C:18:0), arachidic acid (C:20:0) and SFA levels (p<0.05) in subcutaneous fat. An increased (p<0.05) linoleic acid (C18:2n6), total PUFA and PUFA/SFA ratio were observed in the FGPP group. Dietary FGPP supplementation decreased the arachidic acid (C:20:0) level in longissimus muscle (LM). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of FGPP at the level of 30 g/kg improved the growth performance, nutrients digestibility and altered the fatty acid pattern in the subcutaneous fat as well as some attributes of pork meat.