• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.485-493
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among nutrient intakes, BMD, serum copper, zinc and manganese contents in Korean postmenopausal women residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do. Nutrient intakes analyses and anthropometric measurements were performed for 64 postmenopausal women. Also, fasting blood samples were collected. The BMDs of the lumbar spine (L2-L4) and femoral neck were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Subjects were classified into three groups: osteoporosis (T-score ${\leq}$ -2.5, n = 20), osteopenia (-2.5 < T-score ${\leq}$ -1, n = 24), and normal (T-score) -1, n = 20). The results are summarized as follows; the mean age, height and weight were 62.1 yrs, 153.8 em, and 56.1 kg, respectively, with no significant difference among three groups. On the other hand, the mean BMI $(23.7\;g/m^2)$ of normal group was significantly higher than those of other two groups. The mean energy intake was 1,395.3 kcal (77.5% of Dietary referance intakes for koreans (KDRls)). The average daily intakes of vitamin $B_2$, calcium and zinc did not reach KDRIs. The mean intakes of iron, copper, zinc and manganese were 10.9 mg, 1.6 mg, 7.8 mg and 5.1 mg respectively, with no significant difference among three groups, The mean serum levels of copper, zinc and manganese were 96.4 mg/dl, 91.5 mg/dl and 39.5 ng/dl, respectively with no significant differences among three groups. The BMD of lumbar spine showed a significantly negative correlation intakes of animal protein, fat and iron intakes after adjusting for age, Bill. However, the BMD of lumbar spine was not significantly correlated with animal iron intakes after adjusting for animal protein, and fat intakes, indicating animal food intake is a possible confounding factor. Proper intakes of vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C are required to protect osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. These results suggest that excessive animal food intakes may have adverse effect on bone mineral density. Further studies arc necessary to elucidate the role of serum minerals in BMD.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.81-95
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• 2006

This study was made to find out how stress affect on nutrition status of the college freshmen who were experiencing physical growth and development as well as drastic emotional change. 400 male and female freshmen in 4 year colleges were surveyed respectively through the health check-up procedure for college entrance in February, In order to find out the stress in each group frustration, deprivation, lack of self efficacy, type A behavior and anxiety response were surveyed through 10 questions with total 40 points by assigning 4 points for each question. Diet Status was expressed by DDS (Dietary Diversity Score by 5 food groups) and DVS(Dietary Variety Score). 24-hrs recall method was used to find out the quantity of daily nutrient of EAR(estimated adquacy ratio) by KDRIs(Korean Dietary Recommended Intakes). Nutrition level was analyzed by Can-Pro for professionals (Korea Nutrition Association). And for the quality intake, percentage was calculated and MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio) were produced. Highest point was obtained in the stress of anxiety with the total 40 score of 30.20, and the scores were 29.79, 28.67, and 28.39 for deprivation, type A behavior and frustration respectively. There was no difference of blood components in accordance with stress type. Stress type was divided into less sensitive group and highly sensitive one and the relationship with the blood nutrient status was observed. The difference of blood component and blood pressure in sensitive and highly sensitive groups was observed in deprivation and anxiety. The index of blood pressure(p<0.05), hemoglobin(p<0.01), HDL-cholesterol(p<0.05), and Fe(p<0.05) was high in the deprivation of sensitive group. Blood pressure and hemoglobin was high in type A of sensitive group(p<0.05). And the contents of blood triglyceride was high in the anxiety of sensitive group(p<0.001) The result of nutrition intake analysis according to stress type showed that there was low intake for energy, riboflavin, and niacin. When the degree of deprivation was high there was a lack of riboflavin intake and there was no significant difference of nutrition intake in lack of self efficacy, type A behavior and anxiety response. Thus, it is necessary for colleges to educate the students to maintain mental stability through various programs and activities after catching a kind and extent of the stress college students we meeting with like the confusion of value system, open heterosexual relationship, and the employment difficulties linked with political uncertainty and economic recession.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.361-375
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• 2017

2010년, 2014년 3~5세의 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 유치원 및 보육시설을 이용하는 원아 509명을 대상으로 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 2014년 원아들의 조사 전날 결식률은 16.2%로, 2010년 원아의 결식률에 비해 5.5%p 증가하였다. 원아들의 연도별 영양상태를 살펴본 결과, 2014년도 원아들의 칼슘 섭취량은 권장량 대비 가장 적게 섭취한 영양소로, 2010년도 원아들에 비해 1일 39.78 mg (3세), 54.78 mg (4세) 35.78 mg (5세) 적게 섭취하였다. 영양소 적정섭취비의 경우, 2014년 4세와 5세 원아는 2010년 4, 5세에 비해 철과 티아민의 NAR이 유의하게 높았다. 영양 밀도지수에서 2014년 5세 원아의 칼슘과 인 INQ는 2010년 5세에 비해 유의하게 낮은 반면, 티아민의 INQ는 2010년 5세에 비해 높았다. 과잉섭취 대상자 비율에서는 2014년 3~5세 원아들은 2010년 원아들에 비해 철과 티아민 과잉섭취 대상자 비율이 높았다. 또한 원아들의 연령별 영양상태를 살펴본 결과에서는, 평균 영양소 적정섭취비에서 3세의 MAR은 4세와 5세에 비해 유의하게 낮았고, 평균필요량 미만으로 섭취한 영양소의 개수는 4세 (2.14개)와 5세 (1.92개)에 비해 3세에서 2.72개로 유의하게 많았다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.547-552
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• 2013

This study compared the nutrient intake of obese versus non-obese non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients for Diabetes Medical Nutrition Therapy. The study was conducted at medical hospitals in Gyeonggi and Seoul from April 2009 to November 2009. Fifty-six adult male NIDDM patients were enrolled and divided into two groups: 36 into an obese group (BMI ${\geq}25$) and 20 into a non-obese group (BMI<25). To conduct this study, anthropometric measurements, and daily nutrient intake of obese and non-obese NIDDM patients were measured. Daily nutrient intake was estimated by 24hr-recall and analyzed by the CAN program. In the results, anthropometric measurements of the two groups showed significant differences in weight and BMI (p<0.001). Daily nutrient intake of the two groups showed no significant differences, except for vitamin E intake (p<0.05). The total energy intake of the non-obese and obese groups were $2,669.9{\pm}964$ kcal and $2,555.4{\pm}803$ kcal, respectively, which were both above 113% of the recommended Dietary Reference Intakes for Korean (KDRIs). Cholesterol and sodium intake were $378.1{\pm}215.6$ mg and $6,478.9{\pm}2755.1$ mg, respectively for the non-obese group. Cholesterol and sodium intake were $308.1{\pm}155.6$ mg and $6,306.8{\pm}2788.9$ mg, respectively, for the obese group. Both groups were above 150% of the recommended levels set by the Korean Diabetes Association (KDA). However, their antioxidant nutrient intake was appropriate. Meanwhile, their fiber intake was $10.7{\pm}5.1$ g and $9.8{\pm}5.2$ g, respectively, which was lower than 40% of the recommended intake set by the KDA. The results show that the nutritional education for obese and non-obese NIDDM male patients must aim to reduce total energy, cholesterol, and sodium intake, while increasing fiber intake. In addition, the factors related to a patient's glycosylated hemoglobin, serum lipids, blood pressure, and weight change must be calibrated for the appropriate energy, fat, cholesterol, sodium, and dietary fiber intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.786-796
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• 2008

본 연구는 초등학생의 영양소 섭취상태, 식습관, 학업스트레스 및 이들 요인과 학업성취도와의 관계를 분석해보고자 경기도 부천 소재 초등학교 5학년 학생 224명을 대상으로 2007년 7월에 실시하였다. 본 연구대상 학생은 정상범위의 신장과 체중 및 신체충실지수를 나타내고 있었으나 남학생에 비해 여학생에서 마른 학생의 비율이, 여학생에 비해 남학생의 비만율이 더높았다. 영양소 섭취상태는 대부분 권장량 수준으로 섭취하고 있었으며, 단백질, 비타민 A, 비타민 B1는 120% 이상 섭취하고 있었다. 그러나 칼슘 (61%)과 엽산 (66%)은 부족하게 섭취하고 있었으며, 식이섬유소와 칼륨, 엽산의 섭취량은 여학생이 남학생보다 많았다 (p < 0.05). 탄수화물：단백질：지방의 섭취비율과 n-3계열과 n-6계열 지방산 모두 적정량을 섭취하고 있었다. 식습관은 전반적으로 양호하였으으나 남학생이 여학생에 비해 불량한 편이었으며 학업스트레스는 남녀 모두 총 점수의 40% 정도로 스트레스를 적게 받고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 학업성취도는 영양소 섭취상태 (에너지, 단백질, 인, 칼륨, 아연, n-6계열 지방산, 다중불포화지방산)가 좋을수록 (p < 0.05), 식습관점수가 높을수록 좋았다 (p < 0.05). 반면, 외식 빈도수가 적을수록 학업성취도가 높은 경향을 보였다. 학업스트레스는 학업성취도가 높을수록 적게 받고 있었다 (p < 0.01). 본 연구 결과, 학업성취도가 높은 사람일수록 영양소 섭취상태와 식습관이 좋았으며 학업스트레스를 적게 받고 있었다. 따라서 영양교사와 학부모 및 담임교사들은 아동에게 체계적인 영양교육을 실시함으로서 아동의 영양 상태증진 및 올바른 식습관 정립을 통하여 학업성취도 향상에도 일부 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.689-706
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate effects of a nutrition education focused on Food Exchange System for the higher grades elementary children. Nutrition education lessons (40 min/lesson, 4 times), '5 major nutrients and functions', '6 food groups', 'daily needed energy and food exchange units', 'good choice of snacks and balanced exercise' were provided to elementary students (5th grade students). This research was based on the data from two groups of elementary school children in the 'education' group (n = 31) and 'non-education' group (n = 31). We assessed the changes in dietary attitude, food habit and nutrition knowledge using questionnaire and nutrient intake using 24hr recall method by nutrition education using the developed pamphlet. After education, there was a significant difference in the dietary attitude score only in attitude of 'balanced meal' (p < 0.001) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In food habit, there were significant positive changes in the type of breakfast and in the priority of choosing snack in the educated group. In nutrition knowledge, there were significant increases in scores of 'function of carbohydrate' (p < 0.05), 'function of fat' (p < 0.01), 'function of vitamin' (p < 0.01), 'foods of carbohydrate' (p < 0.01), and 'foods of vitamin' (p < 0.01) in the educated group. After education, carbohydrate: protein: fat (CPF) ratio was significantly different between the two groups (education group, 59 : 16 : 26 vs. non-education group, 63 : 15 : 23). In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), there were significant positive effects in energy (p < 0.05), thiamin (p < 0.05), riboflavin (p < 0.05), vitamin C (p < 0.05), phosphorus (p < 0.01), Fe (p < 0.01) and zinc (p < 0.01) in the education group compared to the non-education group. In conclusion, the developed 4 times' nutritional education pamphlet focused on individual daily energy requirements and food exchange units using food exchange system for higher grades' elementary student may positively change nutrition knowledge and dietary intakes.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.853-862
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• 2010

This study was conducted as a nationwide project in order to obtain data on the content and intake of sodium in school meals. For this purpose, we selected two elementary and two middle schools in Daejeon as well as four elementary schools in the Chungcheong area. We measured the sodium and potassium contents of 842 dishes as well as their intake levels over 154 days. Sodium content was analyzed using an AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometer). The average meal intakes of second and fifth grade elementary school students were 244 g/meal and 304 g/meal, respectively. The meal intake of middle school students was 401 g/meal. Boys tended to eat slightly more than did girls, and students tended to eat more in the spring than in the summer. The average sodium intake per meal was 642 mg (570 mg by elementary school students, 1068 mg by middle school students), which was 32.1% of the UL (Tolerable Upper Intake Level, 2,000 mg per day) according to the KDRIs (Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans). The sodium intake per meal was not significantly differ between boys and girls or between spring and summer (p>0.05). This study provides fundamental data that can be used to establishment a nutrition policy concerning the adequate content of sodium in school meals.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.575-586
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• 2006

This study was performed to compare nutrient intakes, diet quality and serum indices (TG, Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, RBC, Hb, Hct, Serum iron, ferritin, MCV) of obese and normal weight children. The subjects were 149 children living in the Seoul and Gyeonggi areas. Each subject was assigned to one of such as normal weight group ($15th{\le}BMI$ percentile < 85th, n = 82) or obese children ($85th{\le}BMI$ percentile, n = 67) according to their percentile of BMI by The Korean Pediatric Society. Data on dietary intakes, body composition and serum indices were obtained. Differences of all the above variables were assessed. Energy, carbohydrate, fat, cholesterol, total fatty acid, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, phosphate, potassium, zinc, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_6$ intakes of girls in the obese group were higher than those of the normal weight group (p<0.05). The intake of fiber was as insufficient as below 50% of KDRIs in both groups. Nutrient adequacy ratio of calcium, iron, phosphate, zinc and folate in obese boys were lower than those of normal weight boys (p<0.05). Energy intakes of grain and milk and dairy food in the obese girl group ($905.9{\pm}344.5kcal,\;210.9{\pm}166.4kcal$) were higher than those of normal weight girls ($671.2{\pm}360.7kcal,\;184.0{\pm}103.5kcal$) (p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol level of obese boys ($52.7{\pm}6.3mg/dL$) was significantly lower than that of normal weight boys ($65.3{\pm}15.6mg/dL$). Serum iron level of obese boys and girls (boys: $79.4{\pm}32.6mg/dL$, girls: $98.3{\pm}16.2mg/dL$) was significantly lower than those of normal weight children (boys: $104.8{\pm}38.6mg/dL$, girls: $106.7{\pm}28.9mg/dL$) (p<0.05). These results suggest that there should be sensible food selection and more intakes of fruit and vegetable are needed to improve the nutritional status in obese children.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.375-386
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• 2017

Objectives: Rapid economic growth and industrial development in South Korea have led to a great change in dietary patterns, and the use of convenience foods has continuously increased. This study was performed to evaluate the energy and nutrient contents of convenience foods at convenience stores near the universities as a meal. Methods: Data was collected by visiting 22 convenience stores near some universities in Chungbuk and Seoul and by checking nutrition labels on convenience foods at the stores. Data of a total of 338 food items were collected, and divided into five groups according to the food categories; rice products (n=156), noodles (n=101), burger/sandwiches (n=62), Tteokbokkis (n=11), and dumplings (n=8). Further, rice products, noodles, and burger/sandwiches were divided into subcategories. Results: The proportion of calories from carbohydrates was high in the rice products and tteokbokki, while the rate of calories from fat was high in burger/sandwiches and dumplings. Among the rice products, the proportion of carbohydrate calories was high in a one-dish food, rice with soup, and triangular kimbap, while the proportion of calories from fat in lunch boxes was high. In the noodles category, ramyeon and spaghetti had a high percentage of fat calories, while udong had a high percentage of carbohydrate calories. The ratio of the calorie content in relation to the KDRIs for adults aged 19-29 years, lunch boxes provided about 1/3 of daily required energy. However, the amount of calories as one meal was not enough for other types of rice products except for lunch boxes. Ramyeon was high in calories, fat, and sodium, but low in protein content. The burger/sandwiches had a high percentage of fat and sodium. Conclusions: Our results showed several nutritional limitations of convenience meals in convenience stores according to the type of food. Therefore, college students should limit excessive intake of convenience meals on a regular basis in order to avoid unhealthy food intake patterns. Our results demonstrate the need for educating college students with regard to checking nutrition labels when choosing convenience meals in order to facilitate the selection of food items that contribute to a balanced diet.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2018

본 연구는 선형계획법을 이용하여 현재의 식품섭취패턴에서 크게 벗어나지 않으면서 영양섭취기준을 충족하는 한국 성인의 최적 식품섭취패턴을 설계하였고, 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 식품품목별 실제섭취량과 최적섭취량을 비교하였을 때 실제섭취량보다 최적섭취량이 높게 나타나 영양섭취기준을 충족하기 위해서 현재보다 섭취량을 더 늘릴 필요가 있는 식품품목으로 모든 집단에서 공통적으로 채소류, 50 ~ 64세 남성을 제외한 집단에서 우유 유제품류인 것으로 나타났다. 50 ~ 64세를 제외한 여성에서는 채소류, 우유 유제품류 이외에도 과일류도 섭취량을 더 높여야 하는 식품품목으로 나타났다. 모든 남성 집단과 19 ~ 29세를 제외한 여성 집단에서 김치의 최적섭취량이 실제 섭취량보다 낮게 나타나 김치는 덜 섭취해야 하는 식품품목인 것으로 파악되었다. 또한 조미료에 대해서는 모든 집단에서 공통적으로 최적섭취량이 0 g으로 산출되었다. 이에 선형계획법을 이용해서 설계한 최적 식품섭취패턴에서 조미료의 최적섭취량이 실생활에서 실현 불가능한 0 g으로 산출되었기 때문에 설계한 최적 식품섭취패턴의 실현성을 높이기 위해서는 나트륨의 목표섭취량을 실제섭취량이 고려된 보다 현실적인 기준으로 재설정할 필요가 있다.