• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.161-174
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• 2005

In order to presume the relationships between two species of P. ternata and P. tripartia, and their populations of the Korean Pinellia, RAPD analysis was performed. The length of the amplified DNA fragments ranged from 300 to 2,500bp. Seventy scorable RAPD makers were found from the PCR reactions with 7 random oligoprimers and were analyzed by Nei-Li's genetic coefficient. Also, some regional groups instead of same taxa were clustered from the phenogram of UPGMA analysis and NJ tree. Populations within each species were clustered at low genetic distance, there had the closed relationship. According to the regional individuals, Pinellia ternata was showed the variation pattern of morphological (leaf shape and flower color) and cytological characters(somatic chromosome numbers). So we suggested to difference of characteristic variety based on variety of habitat. According to this study, new species (Pinellia sp.) was affiliated with Pinellia and had the closest relationship with Hallasan and Japan population. The RAPD data was very useful to define the genetic variation and to discuss the relationships among the intraspecific taxa and their populations of the Korean Pinellia.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.10 no.1_2
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• pp.77-86
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• 1980

The distribution of the secretory ducts, fine structures of the secretory epithelial cells, and the ingredients of the metaplasmic inclusions were studied at light and electron microscopical levels in seeds, stems, leaves, and roots of ginseng. The secretory ducts occurred in the hypocotyl of the embryo, in the cortex of the roots, and also both inside and outside of each vascular bundle in the stems and leaves. Especially, it is considered that the circular layers of the secretory ducts in roots may represent their ages. The epithelial cell has well developed nucleolus, mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Sudanophyl and osmiophilic inclusions were found in the epithelial cytoplasm and duct lumen. But these inclusions were not observed when extracted with pyridin or alcohol. In contrast to the lumen with red color, the epithelial cells were blue in color as stained with nile blue, suggesting that the former inclusions are neutral lipid while the latter are acidic lipid. The electron density of the cell inclusions was quite high as fixed with osmium tetroxide, indicating that most of these secretory materials seem to be unsaturated lipid. Therefore, since ginseng secretory ducts are closely associated with the lipid metabolism, it should be called lipid canal or lipid duct.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.227-242
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• 2008

Objectives : To compare the efficacy of local acupoint with distal acupuncture at relieving pain and improving function in knee osteoarthritis. Designs : A randomized, single-blinded, crossover clinical trial. Settings : One outpatient clinic(department of acupuncture & moxibustion) located in academic teaching hospital, South Korea. Patients : 17 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee(mean age 62.76[$SD{\pm}4.37$] years). Interventions : The trial had 4 stages : baseline(2weeks), phase I and II(each 2weeks), washout period(2weeks). Patients were randomly assigned to either group A or group B. Group A received acupuncture at local acupoints during phase I, then acupuncture at distal acupoints in phase II. Group B received the treatments in reverse order. In each phase, the patients were treated with acupuncture for 6 times. Measurements : The primary outcome was subjective pain as measured by a 100mm visual analogue scale(VAS) ranging from 0(no pain) to 10(worst pain ever). Secondary outcomes were changes in the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC) total and pain scores. Measurements were obtained at baseline, 1st day of phase I and II, and 2 days after last treatment of phase I and II. Results : The 17 participants in 2 groups were well matched for age, sex, target knees, baseline VAS score, WOMAC pain score and WOMAC score. Participants in local acupoint group experienced greater improvement than distal acupoint group at 2 days after last treatment in WOMAC total score(mean difference, -10.65[95% CI, -20.56 to -0.74] ; P=0.036) but not in VAS(mean difference, -12.41[95% CI, -29.56 to 4.73] P=0.15) and WOMAC pain score(mean difference, -1.82[95% CI, -3.98 to 0.33] ; P=0.094). Conclusions : Local acupoints are more effective than distal acupoints at relieving pain and improving function in knee osteoarthritis.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.38-45
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• 1988

The freeze drying of garlic juice was carried out in a vacuum freeze dryer, laboratory size, by backface heating. The factors which influence the rate of freeze drying, the pressure of drying chamber, the plate temperature, the concentration and the thickness of a sample, were discussed in this study. The drying rate was in proportion to the drying chamber pressure and when the pressure was at 1.5 torr, the foaming occured on the surface of materials, so this condition was not suitable for freeze drying. As the temperature of plate increased, drying rate increased, but when the temperature was $20^{\circ}C$, it was impossible to accomplish freeze drying because the foaming and the dispersion occured in a sample. The higher the concentration of a sample was, the lower drying rate was.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.206-211
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• 2014

Anaplasmosis is a rickettsial zoonosis mediated by blood-sucking arthropods, such as ticks, flies, and mosquitos. Migratory birds are common hosts of ticks that are mediators of anaplasmosis, in particular, the tick infection rate in thrushes (family Turdidae) has been known to be high. The main purpose of this study is to survey the occurrence and prevalence of Anaplasma spp. from the migratory thrushes in Jeju island. We collected blood samples from 6 thrushes rescued at the Jeju Wildlife Rescue Center and from 34 wild-caught thrushes on Mara island which is a satellite island of Jeju. As a result, the nested PCR confirmed that seven out of 40 individuals (17.5%) were infected by Anaplasma spp. and all of them were identified as A. phagocytophilum based on sequences obtained from partial 16S rRNA. All the infected birds were on their northward migration in spring, our results suggest that the Turdidae family, which is a common and abundant migrant group passing through Jeju island, may act a role as active reservoir and disperser of A. phagocytophilum causing potential influx of the zoonotic pathogens from its wintering grounds in lower latitude to the mainland Korea as well as Jeju.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.89-119
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• 2020

Species invasions have rapidly increased due to the substantial growth of global trade in the recent past. As the awareness of the negative effects on natural ecosystems derived from alien species has grown, many countries and lawmakers have enacted rules and policies on the conservation of indigenous plants. Unfortunately, in Korea, research on species invasion is seriously lacking despite the growing number of alien species. In the current study, we report alien plants that have intentionally and/or unintentionally been introduced in Korea and also presented a checklist of invasive plants found both in the literature and in field surveys. We reviewed all documented records of alien plants, i.e., scientific papers, illustrated books, and annual reports. We also categorized alien plants by origin, time of introduction, naturalization, and the rate of their spread. The results revealed that there are 619 alien plant taxa (96 families, 353 genera, 595 species, 6 subspecies, 11 varieties, 1 forma, and 6 hybrids) occurring in Korea. Among these, 30 taxa are archaeophytes (Arc.), 214 are potentially invasive plants (PIPs), and 375 are invasive alien plants (IAPs). In addition, IAP taxa consist of grades 5 (widespread, WS) to 1 (potential spread, PS) of alien plants according to the rate of spread in Korea. Our results suggested that the number of alien plants is likely to keep growing; thus, the distribution should be regularly monitored and the list of alien plants must be updated.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.607-616
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• 2016

Computational thinking is complexity and independent subject matter being capable to learn concept of computer science and providing methodology of problem solving. Also many experts have said that computational thinking will be grow essential tool in the further developing information society. Thus our country has been trying to introduce it in the K12 informatics subject matter education. Therefore we proposed a introducing method of computational thinking being appropriated of a character of it in the informatics curriculum. To do this, we analyzed character and worthy of it, advanced model cases introducing it into the curriculum. And we proposed that introduced case of it into curriculum is divided 3 cases archiving computational thinking itself, being connected aim of general subject matter with it and computer science education. According to this advanced cases, this study selected permeative style of computational thinking with the informatics subject matted curriculum. This method is divided achievement criterion into contents and means. also we proposed that contents area of informatics subject matter achievement criterion is composed Computing System, Information Life, Software and means area can be filled with subset of computational thinking. This introducing method can make informatics subject matter education settle subject matter helping problem solving through computer system beyond character of technology oriented subject matter.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.125-145
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• 2009

Objectives : To analyze the inclusion criteria of participants, control group interventions, and the results of prior studies of acupuncture for OA. Also to identify aspects of the procedure that are associated with positive outcomes in order to establish ideal acupuncture treatment model. And to assess the methodological quality of the trials with modified Jadad score and FEAS in order to evaluate the quality of prior studies and find out whether or not acupuncture has a positive effect in treating OA. Methods : Articles up to the date of November 2008 were searched via computerized databases of PubMed, Journal of Korean Oriental Medicine, The Journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society and Journal of Oriental Rehabilitation Medicine. Bibliographies of reviewed papers were also searched and reviewed. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews concerning the effects of acupuncture or electroacupuncture (EA) on symptoms of osteoarthritis of the human knee, published in English and Korean were included. The acupuncture treatment methods of the reviewed trials were assessed based on STRICTA. And the methodological quality of the trials was assessed by modified Jadad score and FEAS. Results : Twenty one trials of acupuncture for OA were analyzed. Based on the results of this review the following factors might contribute to optimal results from acupuncture treatment. 1) Usage of $ST_{35}$, $GB_{34$, $EX_{32}$, $ST_{36}$ and $SP_9$ acupuncture points. 2) More than four acupuncture points should be used. 3) More than 15 minutes of needle retention time. 4) Needle length-40mm and diameter-0.30mm 5) Usage of EA 6) more than 10 times treatment 7) Treatment frequency of more than once a week, 8) Treatment duration longer than 6 to 8 weeks. Conclusions : High quality clinical trials of Acupuncture for OA is still in lack. Future investigators must concentrate their attentions on the quality of acupuncture treatment itself used in the trials as well as the methodological quality of trials.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.209-231
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• 1999

Even though titanium(Ti) and its alloys are the most used dental implant materials, there are some problems that Ti wears easily and interferes normal osteogenesis due to the metal ions. Ti coated with bioactive ceramics such as hydroxyapatite has also such problems as the exfoliation or resorption of the coated layer, Recent studies on implant materials have been proceeding to improve physical properties of the implant substrate and biocompatibility of the implant surfaces. The purpose of the present study was to examine the physical property and bone tissue compatibility of bioinert nitrides ion plated Ti, Button type specimens(14mm in diameter, 2.32rrun in height) for the abrasion test and cytotoxicity test and thread type implants(3.75mm in diameter, 6mm in length) for the animal experiments were made from Ti(grade 2) and 316LVM stainless steel. Ti specimens were ion plated with TiN, ZrN by the low temperature arc vapor deposition, and the depth profile of the TiN/Ti, ZrN/Ti ion plated surface was examined by Auger Electron Spectroscopy. Three kind of button type specimens .of TiN/Ti, ZrN/Ti and Ti were used for abrasion test, and HEPAlClC7 cells and CCD cells were cultivated for 4 days with the specimens for cytotoxicity test. Thread type implants of TiN/Ti, ZrN/Ti, Ti, 316LVM were implanted on the femur of 6 adult dogs weighing 10kg-13kg. Two dogs were sacrified for histological examination after 45 days and 90 days, and four dogs were sacrified for the removal torque test of the implant') after 90 days. The removal torque force was measured by Autograph (Shimadzu Co., AGS-1000D series, Japan). Abrasion resistance of TiN/Ti was the highest, and that of ZrN/Ti and Ti were followed. The bioinert nitride ion plated Ti had much better abrasion resistance, compared with Ti, In the cytotoxicity test, the number of both cells were increased in all specimens, and there were no significant difference in cytotoxic reaction among all groups (p>0.1), In histological examination, 316LVM showed the soft tissue engagement in interface between the implant and bone, but the other materials after 45 days noted immature new bone formation in the medullary portion along the implant surface, and those after 90 days showed implant support by new bone formation in both the cortical and the medullary portion, The removal torque force of Tilv/Ti showed significantly higher than that of Ti(p(O,05). The difference in removal torque force between TiN/Ti and ZrN/Ti was not significant(p>0.05), and that of 316LVM was lowest among all groups(p<0.05). These results suggest that bioinert nitrides ion plated Ti can resolve the existing problems of Ti and bioactive ceramics, and it may be clinically applicable to human.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.464-468
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• 2002

Enzymatic activities and fluorescence spectroscopic properties of the double mutant proteins P96L/F139W, P96L/F258W and a triple mutant protein P96L/F139W/F258W of tryptophan synthase $\alpha$ subunit from Escherichia coli was examined to study tertiary and local structure changes around the tryptophan residues. The enzymatic activities of P96l./F139W and P96L/F258W were similar, but P96L/F139W/F258W had lower activity, as compared to wild type. The fluorescence intensities of double mutant, P96L/F139W and P96L/F258W, were decreased but that of a triple mutant, P96L/F139W/F258W, was increased when compared to wild type. The sum of the maximum fluorescence intensity (fluorescence intensity at the λ$_{max}$) for the double mutant proteins was not equal to the intensity seen in the triple mutant protein. The enzymatic activity and fluorescence data indicate that the replacement of Pro$^{96}$ longrightarrowLeu might affect on the stability of helix 8 and the loop located between strand 4 and helix4. The result suggests that the tertiary structure of triple mutant (P96L/F139W/F258W), being different from wild type, might have more compact residual structure at the vicinity of 139 and 258.8.