• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of stocking density on performance and blood characteristics of broiler chicken in summer. One day-old 648 male commercial broiler chicks(Ross strain) were divided into 3 groups with 4 replicates(12 pens), 41 to 69 birds per pen, to compare the stocking density difference on growth performance and blood characteristics. Birds in T1, T2 and T3 were reared in different size 0.050, 0.066, 0.083 $m^2$/bird floor, respectively. The birds were fed the same experimental diet ad libitum for 5 weeks. Chickens were weekly weighed and one bird was selected from each pen to measure blood characteristics at the end of experiment. Body weight and feed intake increased significantly in low density treatment(T3) compare to that of high density treatment(P<0.05). Feed conversion was significantly improved in customary treatment(T2) relative to that of other treatments(P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in moisture contents of bedding among treatments. In blood characteristics, low density treatment(T3) decreased the total protein, cholesterol and albumin, but were no significant difference. From the result of this study, it could be concluded that the higher stocking density might give more stress to the birds from physical stimuli and thus were harmful environment causing lower productions compared to the lower ones

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.210-216
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• 2013

Efficient regeneration methods and transformation system are a priority for successful application of genetic engineering to vegetative propagated plants such as grape (Vitis labrusca L.). This research is to establish shoot regeneration system from plant explants for 'Campbell Early', 'Tamnara', 'Heukgoosul', 'Heukbosek' using two types of plant growth regulators supplemented to medium. The highest adventitious shoot regeneration rate of 5% was achieved on a medium containing of Murashige and Skoog (MS) inorganic salts and Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) vitamins, 2 mg/L of TDZ and 0.1 mg/L of IBA. Leaf tissue of 'Campbell Early', was co-cultivated with Agrobacterium strains, LBA4404 containing the vector pBI121 carrying with CaMV 35S promoter, gus gene as reporter gene and resistance to kanamycin as selective agent, the other Agrobacterium strains, GV3101 containing the vector pB7 WG2D carrying with mPAP1-D gene. mPAP1-D is a regulatory genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. 'Campbell Early' harboring mPAP1-D gene was readily able to be selected by red color due to anthocyanin accumulation in the transformed shoot. These results might be helpful for further studies to enhance the transformation efficiency in grape.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.35-61
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• 1978

To find out the power tiller's travel and tractive characteristics on the general slope land, the tractive p:nver transmitting system was divided into the internal an,~ external power transmission systems. The performance of power tiller's engine which is the initial unit of internal transmission system was tested. In addition, the mathematical model for the tractive force of driving wheel which is the initial unit of external transmission system, was derived by energy and force balance. An analytical solution of performed for tractive forces was determined by use of the model through the digital computer programme. To justify the reliability of the theoretical value, the draft force was measured by the strain gauge system on the general slope land and compared with theoretical values. The results of the analytical and experimental performance of power tiller on the field may be summarized as follows; (1) The mathematical equation of rolIing resistance was derived as $$Rh=\frac {W_z-AC \[1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\)\] sin\theta_1}} {tan\phi \[1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\)\]+\frac{tan\theta_1}{1}$$ and angle of rolling resistance as $$\theta _1 - tan^1\[ \frac {2T(AcrS_0 - T)+\sqrt (T-AcrS_0)^2(2T)^2-4(T^2-W_2^2r^2)\times (T-AcrS_0)^2 W_z^2r^2S_0^2tan^2\phi} {2(T^2-W_z^2r^2)S_0tan\phi}\] $$and the equation of frft force was derived as$$P=(AC+Rtan\phi)\[1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\)\]cos\phi_1 \ulcorner \frac {W_z \ulcorner{AC\[ [1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\)\]sin\phi_1 {tan\phi[1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\]+ \frac {tan\phi_1} { 1} \ulcorner W_1sin\alpha $$The slip coefficient K in these equations was fitted to approximately 1. 5 on the level lands and 2 on the slope land. (2) The coefficient of rolling resistance Rn was increased with increasing slip percent 5 and did not influenced by the angle of slope land. The angle of rolling resistance Ol was increasing sinkage Z of driving wheel. The value of Ol was found to be within the limits of Ol =2\ulcorner "'16\ulcorner. (3) The vertical weight transfered to power tiller on general slope land can be estim ated by use of th~ derived equation: $$R_pz= \frac {\sum_{i=1}^{4}{W_i}} {l_T} { (l_T-l) cos\alpha cos\beta \ulcorner \bar(h) sin \alpha - W_1 cos\alpha cos\beta$$The vertical transfer weight $R_pz$ was decreased with increasing the angle of slope land. The ratio of weight difference of right and left driving wheel on slop eland,$\lambda= \frac { {W_L_Z} - {W_R_Z}} {W_Z} $, was increased from ,$\lambda$=0 to$\lambda$=0.4 with increasing the angle of side slope land ($\beta = 0^\circ~20^\circ) (4) In case of no draft resistance, the difference between the travelling velocities on the level and the slope land was very small to give 0.5m/sec, in which the travelling velocity on the general slope land was decreased in curvilinear trend as the draft load increased. The decreasing rate of travelling velocity by the increase of side slope angle was less than that by the increase of hill slope angle a, (5) Rate of side slip by the side slope angle was defined as $ S_r=\frac {S_s}{l_s} \times$ 100( %), and the rate of side slip of the low travelling velocity was larger than that of the high travelling velocity. (6) Draft forces of power tiller did not affect by the angular velocity of driving wheel, and maximum draft coefficient occurred at slip percent of S=60% and the maximum draft power efficiency occurred at slip percent of S=30%. The maximum draft coefficient occurred at slip percent of S=60% on the side slope land, and the draft coefficent was nearly constant regardless of the side slope angle on the hill slope land. The maximum draft coefficient occurred at slip perecent of S=65% and it was decreased with increasing hill slope angle $\alpha$. The maximum draft power efficiency occurred at S=30 % on the general slope land. Therefore, it would be reasonable to have the draft operation at slip percent of S=30% on the general slope land. (7) The portions of the power supplied by the engine of the power tiller which were used as the source of draft power were 46.7% on the concrete road, 26.7% on the level land, and 13~20%; on the general slope land ($\alpha = O~ 15^\circ ,\beta = 0 ~ 10^\circ$) , respectively. Therefore, it may be desirable to develope the new mechanism of the external pO'wer transmitting system for the general slope land to improved its performance.l slope land to improved its performance.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.34-34
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• 1978

To find out the power tiller's travel and tractive characteristics on the general slope land, the tractive p:nver transmitting system was divided into the internal an,~ external power transmission systems. The performance of power tiller's engine which is the initial unit of internal transmission system was tested. In addition, the mathematical model for the tractive force of driving wheel which is the initial unit of external transmission system, was derived by energy and force balance. An analytical solution of performed for tractive forces was determined by use of the model through the digital computer programme. To justify the reliability of the theoretical value, the draft force was measured by the strain gauge system on the general slope land and compared with theoretical values. The results of the analytical and experimental performance of power tiller on the field may be summarized as follows; (1) The mathematical equation of rolIing resistance was derived as $$Rh=\frac {W_z-AC \[1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\)\] sin\theta_1}} {tan\phi \[1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\)\]+\frac{tan\theta_1}{1}$$ and angle of rolling resistance as $$\theta _1 - tan^1\[ \frac {2T(AcrS_0 - T)+\sqrt (T-AcrS_0)^2(2T)^2-4(T^2-W_2^2r^2)\times (T-AcrS_0)^2 W_z^2r^2S_0^2tan^2\phi} {2(T^2-W_z^2r^2)S_0tan\phi}\] $$and the equation of frft force was derived as$$P=(AC+Rtan\phi)\[1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\)\]cos\phi_1 ? \frac {W_z ?{AC\[ [1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\)\]sin\phi_1 {tan\phi[1+ \frac{sl}{K} \(\varrho ^{-\frac{sl}{K}-1\]+ \frac {tan\phi_1} { 1} ? W_1sin\alpha $$The slip coefficient K in these equations was fitted to approximately 1. 5 on the level lands and 2 on the slope land. (2) The coefficient of rolling resistance Rn was increased with increasing slip percent 5 and did not influenced by the angle of slope land. The angle of rolling resistance Ol was increasing sinkage Z of driving wheel. The value of Ol was found to be within the limits of Ol =2? "'16?. (3) The vertical weight transfered to power tiller on general slope land can be estim ated by use of th~ derived equation: $$R_pz= \frac {\sum_{i=1}^{4}{W_i}} {l_T} { (l_T-l) cos\alpha cos\beta ? \bar(h) sin \alpha - W_1 cos\alpha cos\beta$$The vertical transfer weight $R_pz$ was decreased with increasing the angle of slope land. The ratio of weight difference of right and left driving wheel on slop eland,$\lambda= \frac { {W_L_Z} - {W_R_Z}} {W_Z} $, was increased from ,$\lambda$=0 to$\lambda$=0.4 with increasing the angle of side slope land ($\beta = 0^\circ~20^\circ) (4) In case of no draft resistance, the difference between the travelling velocities on the level and the slope land was very small to give 0.5m/sec, in which the travelling velocity on the general slope land was decreased in curvilinear trend as the draft load increased. The decreasing rate of travelling velocity by the increase of side slope angle was less than that by the increase of hill slope angle a, (5) Rate of side slip by the side slope angle was defined as $ S_r=\frac {S_s}{l_s} \times$ 100( %), and the rate of side slip of the low travelling velocity was larger than that of the high travelling velocity. (6) Draft forces of power tiller did not affect by the angular velocity of driving wheel, and maximum draft coefficient occurred at slip percent of S=60% and the maximum draft power efficiency occurred at slip percent of S=30%. The maximum draft coefficient occurred at slip percent of S=60% on the side slope land, and the draft coefficent was nearly constant regardless of the side slope angle on the hill slope land. The maximum draft coefficient occurred at slip perecent of S=65% and it was decreased with increasing hill slope angle $\alpha$. The maximum draft power efficiency occurred at S=30 % on the general slope land. Therefore, it would be reasonable to have the draft operation at slip percent of S=30% on the general slope land. (7) The portions of the power supplied by the engine of the power tiller which were used as the source of draft power were 46.7% on the concrete road, 26.7% on the level land, and 13~20%; on the general slope land ($\alpha = O~ 15^\circ ,\beta = 0 ~ 10^\circ$) , respectively. Therefore, it may be desirable to develope the new mechanism of the external pO'wer transmitting system for the general slope land to improved its performance.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.154-158
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• 2013

To develop a new variety of oyster mushroom(Pleurotus ostreatus), parental strains was selected by the method of Mon-Mon crossing between monokaryotic strains derived from ASI 2596(Suhan No.3) and ASI 2782(Black pileus mutant). The SB-73(ASI 2596-11 x 2782-8) was shown the best cultural characteristics, selected to be a new variety and named as 'Dagul'. The 'Dagul' was formed incompatibility line distinctly in the confrontation growth of parental strains Suhan No.3 and ASI 2782. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth, fruiting body development and pH arrange were $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, $14{\sim}17^{\circ}C$ and pH5~8, respectively. Fruiting body production per bottle was about $68.0{\pm}24.1$ g which is almost 115% quantity compared to that of other variety Suhan No.3. And also the stipe is long and individual generation is multiple. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new variety 'Dagul' showed different DNA bands as that of the control strains, Suhan No.3 and ASI 2782, when RAPD(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers URP7 and Rcb1 were used. This new variety 'Dagul' of oyster mushroom is characterized by multiple of individual generation and the stipe is long. We therefore expect that this new strain will increase of the income by cultivation of field.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.618-625
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• 2014

Rice flour is used in many food products. However, dough made from rice lacks extensibility and elasticity, making it less suitable than wheat for many food products such as bread and noodles. The high-molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) of wheat play a crucial role in determining the processing properties of the wheat grain. This paper describes the development of marker-free transgenic rice plants expressing a wheat Glu-Dy10 gene encoding the HMG-GS from the Korean wheat cultivar 'Jokyeong' using Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation. Two expression cassettes, consisting of separate DNA fragments containing Glu-1Dy10 and hygromycin phosphotransferase II (HPTII) resistance genes, were introduced separately into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 for co-infection. Each EHA105 strain harboring Glu-1Dy10 or HPTII was infected into rice calli at a 3: 1 ratio of Glu-1Bx7 and HPTII. Among 290 hygromycin-resistant $T_0$ plants, we obtained 29 transgenic lines with both the Glu-1Dy10 and HPTII genes inserted into the rice genome. We reconfirmed the integration of the Glu-1Dy10 gene into the rice genome by Southern blot analysis. Transcripts and proteins of the Glu-1Dy10 in transgenic rice seeds were examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The marker-free plants containing only the Glu-1Dy10 gene were successfully screened in the $T_1$ generation.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 2008

Biological antagonists of Phytophthora capsici were isolated from soil in Gyeongbuk, Korea. Among the isolated bacteria, a Bacillus sp. was identified from l6S rDNA sequence analysis and named Bacillus sp. AM-651. Bacillus sp. AM-65l strain which can strongly a antifungal activity against Phytophthora capsici. Culture conditions for the maximum production of the antagonistic substance were optimized. The production of antibiotic were high on modified Davis mineral medium pH 7 at $30^{\circ}C$. The medium for highest production of the agonistic substance optimized. It is composed the best activity on glucose, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $K_2HPO_4$ at 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.7%, respectively. By time course of culture solution selected Bacillus sp. AM-65l, the culture solution after 48hrs had strongly growth inhibition rate against P. capsici. And culture solution of Bacillus sp. AM-651 was stable within a pH range $5{\sim}11$ and temperature range $4{\sim}70^{\circ}C$. Bacillus sp. AM-651 cultured broth shown fungal growth inhibitory activity against B. sorokiniana, B. cinerea, R. solani avove and beyond P. capsici and comparatively showed a high activity against C. gloeosporioides, B. dothidea, B. cinerea and F. graminearum by agar diffusion method.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.296-303
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• 2007

Acer tegmentosum (Acereaceae) has been used a source of traditional medicines for the treatment of hepatic disorders in Korea. This research was conducted to determine biofunctional activities of A. tegmentosum stem extract and to identify its bioactive components. Methanolic extract from A. tegmentosum stem was partitioned by using organic solvents, including n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water. Two compounds were isolated by using an ODS column chromatography from ethyl acetate soluble fraction shown to the strongest antioxidant activity ($RC_{50}=3.15\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) among the fractions. The isolated compounds were analyzed by $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR, IR, UV/VIS, MS spectrum data and identified as catechin, ${\rho}-Hydroxyphenethyl$ alcohol $1-O-{\beta}-_D-(6'-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside$. The compounds have shown strong antioxidant activity, with similar activity to BHA ($RC_{50}=2\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). Especially, ${\rho}-Hydroxyphenethyl$ alcohol 1-O-{\beta}-_D-(6'-O-galloyl)-glucopyranoside$ was shown strong anti-lipid peroxidative activity. However, the compounds were not shown antimicrobial activities. In antimicrobial activity assays, ethyl acetate soluble fraction was effective to bacterial inhibition, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia, with minimum inhibitory concentrations in $125\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Otherwise, antifungal activity against Candida albicans was shown in n-hexane soluble fraction exhibiting $63\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of minimum inhibitory concentration. In anticomplementary activity assays, water soluble fraction was the most effective exhibiting 24% inhibitory activity.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2012

Helicobacter pylori is an important factor of chronic gastritis, digestive ulcer, and stomach cancer. CagL, a virulence factor of H. pylori, is well-known as a pilus protein which acts as adhesion to host cell and a component of Type 4 secretion system. In this study, we evaluated the protective response of recombinant CagL protein (rCagL) using Mongolian gerbil animal model for H. pylori infection. The cagL gene was cloned from 26695 H. pylori followed by over-expression and purification of the protein in E. coli. Mongolian gerbils were immunized with rCagL protein mixed with aluminum adjuvant via intramuscular injections once a week during 4 weeks. At a week after the last immunization, the Mongolian gerbils were administrated with H. pylori 7.13 strain into the stomach and sacrificed to measure antibody titer on rCagL by ELISA and bacterial colonization in the stomach, and to examine the histopathological changes and cytokine expression at 6 week after challenge. Antibody titers on recombinant protein were significantly increased from a week after the first immunization. There was no significant change of the number of bacterial colony between control group and immunized group. The relative stomach weight was significantly decreased in immunized group, but the significant change of histopathological assessment was not observed in the stomach. Cytokine expression such as IL-$1{\beta}$ and KC also was not significantly different between control and immunized groups. These results indicate that rCagL could effectively induce the formation of the specific IgG antibodies. However, bacterial colonization and histopathological lesions could not be inhibited by the immunization in the stomach, indicating not enough protection against H. pylori infection. We consider that along with CagL other adequate antigens could be needed stimulating immune response and inducing protective effects against gastric disease, and also a better adjuvant could be considered.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1711-1717
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• 2010

In this study, fibrinolytic activities of fermented yellow agabean (FYA) and black agabean (FBA), and the antioxidation efficiencies of 70% ethanol extract of fermented yellow agabean (FYAE) and black agabean (FBAE) were investigated by selecting Bacillus sp. sm26 strain. Fibrinolytic activities of FYA and FBA were $6.38{\pm}0.5$ and $6.83{\pm}0.5\;U/ml$, which were 1.3 and 1.4 times higher than that of FSB, respectively. With regard to total phenolic contents, FYAE and FBAE were $3.40{\pm}0.44\;mg/g$ and $2.45{\pm}0.20\;mg/g$ respectively, suggesting that their contents were about twice as high as that of fermented soybean extract (FSBE) used as a control. In comparison with FSBE, total protein and sugar contents of FYAE were $0.56{\pm}0.11$ and $2.41{\pm}0.48\;mg/g$, respectively, and those of FBAE were $0.39{\pm}0.12$ and $2.72{\pm}0.63\;mg/g$, respectively. This result suggests that FYAE was 4.7 and 1.7 times higher than FSBE, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of FBAE was 79% at 1 mg/ml, which was highest among the fermented bean extracts, and was twice as high as FSBE in regards to activity. In addition, FBAE exhibited the highest reducing power at 1 mg/ml, which was higher than FSBE by two-fold. With regard to lipid peroxidation, FBAE and FYAE were 93% and 80% at 1 mg/ml, which were 3 and 2.5 times higher than FSBE, respectively. Of note, the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities of FBAE and FYAE were 82% and 54% at 1 mg/ml, offering activity that was 4 and 2.5 times higher than FSBE, respectively. Based on these results, the fibrinolytic activity and antioxidation efficiency of the fermented agabeans were significantly higher than other soybeans. Therefore, these studies may suggest that the functional agabeans can be a potential candidate for a natural functional food.