• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.345-355
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• 2012

This study purposed to examine the effect of low power laser on pain response and axonal regeneration. In order to prepare peripheral nerve injury models, we crushed the sciatic nerve of Sprague-Dawley rats and treated them with low power laser for 21 days. The rats were divided into 4 groups: normal group(n=10); control group(n=10) without any treatment after the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury; experimental group I(n=10) treated with low power laser(0.21$mJ/mm^2$) after the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury; and experimental group II(n=10) treated with low power laser(5.25$mJ/mm^2$) after the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury. We measured spontaneous pain behavior(paw withdrawal latency test) and mechanical allodynia(von Frey filament test) for evaluating pain behavioral response, and measured the sciatic function index for evaluating the functional recovery of peripheral nerve before the induction of sciatic nerve crush injury and on day 1, 7, 14 and 21 after the induction. After the experiment was completed, changes in the H & E stain and toluidine blue stain were examined histopathologically, and changes in MAG(myelin associated glycoprotein) and c-fos were examined immunohistologically. According to the results of this study, when low power laser was applied to rat models with sciatic nerve crush injury for 21 days and the results were examined through pain behavior evaluation and neurobehavioral, histopathological and immunohistological analyses, low power laser was found to affect pain response and axonal regeneration in both experimental group I and experimental group II. Moreover, the effect on pain response and axonal regeneration was more positive in experimental group I to which output 0.21$mJ/mm^2$ was applied than in experimental group II to which 5.25$mJ/mm^2$ was applied.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1700-1705
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• 2019

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is also called as aging related memory damage. Decreased cognitive function due to aging is known to be associated with the frontal lobe. Alpha wave is generated in the dominance in the frontal lobe or a wide range of regions in the brain, it should be doubted that the brain function might be degraded. Objective: To determine the effect of sensory stimulation type on learning and brain activity pattern of elderly persons with MCI. Design: Randomized Controlled Trial (single blind) Methods: Twenty elderly persons aged more than 65 with MCI were randonmized to simultaneous visual/auditory stimulation group (SVASG) and or auditory stimulation group (ASG). Ten peoples were assigned to each group and lectroencephalogram test was performed to individuals. In the electroencephalogram test, electroencephalography of prior to sensory stimulation, and during sensory stimulation were measured to compare brain activity pattern according to the study groups and measurement period. Results: The relative alpha power due to a sensory stimulation type showed that the SVASG significantly decreased in the left frontal lobe and the left parietal lobe statistically compared to those of the ASG while sensory stimulation was given (p<.05). The relative beta power due to a sensory stimulation type showed that the SVASG significantly increased in the left and right frontal lobes, the left and right parietal lobes, and the left temporal lobe statistically compared to those of the ASG while sensory stimulation was given (p<.05). Conclusions: Electroencephalographic analysis showed that the type of sensory stimulation can affect the brain activity pattern. However, the effects were not studied that which brain activity pattern help to improved cognitive function of elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1426-1434
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• 2018

This study was conducted to observe the isokinetic strength (IS) of the hip, ankle, and knee joints in young age groups. Thirty eight men and thirty one women with mean age of $30.4{\pm}3.5$ and $32.8{\pm}4.4years$, respectively, were enrolled in this study. Measurements of hip flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction at $30^{\circ}/sec$, Knee flexion and extension at $60^{\circ}/sec$, ankle inversion, eversion, plantarflexion, and dorsiflexion $30^{\circ}/sec$ were conducted. Absolute IS (Nm), relative IS (Nm/kg), strength ratios, correlations between movements were observed. Significant differences in absolute and relative strength were observed between groups in all movement except in the relative ankle strength. Relative isokinetic strength ratios of hip flexion/extension were .45 and .55, knee flexion/extension were .84 and .89, ankle dorsi/plantarflexion were .30 and .29, and ankle eversion/inversion were .86 and .84 for men and women, respectively. In the hip extension, men had about three times the body weight, and women had about 2.5 times the strength. The abduction muscle had about 1.5 times the body weight of both men and women. Height and body weight showed the significantly strong correlating relationship with hip (r, .76-.86) and knee (r, .67-.84) strength. However, ankle strength showed the comparatively correlating relationship, especially in women (r, .03 - .36). Similar age and physique characteristics of female and male groups could provide useful isokinetic strength reference values for developing the exercise program for healthy and rehabilitation groups.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.595-599
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to identify the bridge exercise posture for the efficient exercise by comparing the muscle activity of the lower limbs according to the changes in muscle length because of knee angle in bridge exercise. The subjects of this study were 9 randomly selected males in their 20s living in D city from those who satisfied inclusion criteria. The measured muscles were Vastus medialis oblique, Vastus lateralis, Semitendinosus, Biceps femoris, Gluteus maximus, Gluteus medius, Tensor faciae latae, and Adductor longus. Data were analyzed through paired comparison test. In the result, ST, BF, and TFL muscle activities were high when knee joint flexion angle was $90^{\circ}$ Although in most cases higher muscle activity was shown at $90^{\circ}$ than $60^{\circ}$ there was no statistical significance. Interestingly, it was lower at $90^{\circ}$ than $60^{\circ}$ in VL. In ST, BF, and TFL, it was significantly higher at $90^{\circ}$ than $60^{\circ}$ (p<.05). Conclusively, knee angles in bridge exercise may affect the muscle activity, and in particular when the activity of two joint muscles such as semimenbranosus muscle, biceps femoris muscle, and tensor fasciae latae muscle increase as the angle gets higher. Therefore, it is considered that this study will provide helpful tips to develop muscular strength enforcement program for the patients with damages in the lower limbs through bridge exercise in clinical situations.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the difference of the pinch strength according to testing posture(standing and sitting) and elbow flexion degree($0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$). Forty normal young adults(male: 20, female: 20, mean age: $22.68{\pm}2.91$ years) participated in this study. The methods of this study were categorized as follows: 1) One set of measurement was performed on four elbow flexion degrees($0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$) in two testing postures(standing and sitting) and all subjects were measured for 3 sets testing procedures in every experimental sessions. 2) Pinch strength in various elbow flexion degree was measured after 2 min rest time, and then each test set was repeatedly performed with 5 min rest time to prevent fatigue of muscles involved in the elbow joint. The result was obtained as follow: 1) In standing posture, there was statistically significant difference at $0^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$. 2) In sitting posture, there was statistically significant difference at $0^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$, $90^{\circ}$ and $135^{\circ}$. 3) Statistically, there was no significant difference between standing and sitting posture in same elbow flexion degree, however pinch strength in standing posture was higher than sitting posture.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.795-801
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to find out an inspiratory muscles training program's therapeutic effects on stroke patients' respiratory function. For the purpose, this study targeted 20 stroke patients being hospitalized in K hospital in Daegu, and diveded the patients into the both groups of Inspiratory muscle training(IMT) group and control group, randomization. The 10 patients in the IMT group was applied the inspiratory muscles training. The control group was composed of other 10 patients. IMT group was given a inspiratory muscle training program for 30 minutes per times, 5 times a week for 6 weeks. The investigator measured the patients' respiratory function compared changes in the function and ability before and after the IMT. The results of this study are as follows. Investigating the inspiratory muscle training group's lung functions, there appeared some significant differences in the tests the FVC(Forced vital capacity), FEV1(Forced expired volume in one second) before and after the training(p<.05), but the control group had no significant in the same tests before and after(p<.05). The differences in the both groups after depending the inspiratory muscles training were significantly found in the tests of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC(p<.05). The maximum inspiratory pressure showed some significant differences in the inspiratory muscle training group(p<.05), but didn't show any significant difference in the control group(p>.05). Conclusionally, it will be judged that the inspiratory muscles training program will improve stroke patients' respiratory function, and it is considered that will move up stroke patients' gait and body function.

• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1084-1089
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the difference of the ankle joint movements during landing. Seven adult males voluntarily participated in the study and the average foot size of the subjects was 269.8 mm. Image analysis equipment and the ground reaction force plate (landing type) was used to measure th kinetic variables. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that the vertical ground reaction force peak point appeared once in the barefoot with forefoot, while two peak points appeared in the barefoot and functional shoe foot with rear foot landing. About ankle angle, fore foot landing ankle angle, the average with bare foot landing was $-10.302^{\circ}$ and the average with functional shoe foot landing was $-2.919^{\circ}$. Also about rear foot landing, ankle angle was $11.648^{\circ}$ with bare foot landing and $15.994^{\circ}$ with functional shoe landing. The fore foot landing, ankle joint force analysis produced 1423.966N with barefoot and 1493.264N with functional shoes. But, the rear foot landing, ankle joint force analysis produced 1680.154N with barefoot and 1657.286N with functional shoes. This study suggest that the angle of ankle depends on the landing type and bare foot running/functionalized shod running, and ankle joint forces also depends on landing type.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.101-105
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to measure the change in pain threshold of levator scapular muscle, carniovertebral angle, and head position angle when applying a head-weight device on healthy adult. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: This study was conducted with 21 healthy adult male and female who voluntarily agreed to participate in this study after being informed of the purpose and method of this study. After measuring the cervical angle and pain threshold of levator scapular muscle, subject was instructed to walk for 5 minutes on a treadmill at a speed of less than 5 km/h while wearing after wearing head-weight device of 0.5 kg. Then, cervical spine angle and pain threshold of levator scapula muscle were re-measured. Measurement of cervical spine angle was conducted with photo by using the Bluebeam Revu software and the pain pressure thresholds (PPTs) were measured using an electronic algometer over potential trigger points on the body. Results: The results cervical angle showed a significant change, from $49.62^{\circ}$ to $52.10^{\circ}$ (p<0.05). PPT showed a significant change, from 30.71 to 36.89 (p<0.05). Conclusions: These findings suggest that applying head-weight device has a positive influence on increasing cervical angle and reducing pain when applied as a therapeutic intervention method of forward head posture.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.63-76
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• 2003

This research was performed to compare spinal segment motion angle between low back pain (LBP) group and painless group during trunk flexion-extension and to investigate the effect of transversus abdominis strengthening exercise on spinal segment motion angle in LBP group. Nine subjects with LBP and ten subjects without LBP participated. Transversus abdominis strengthening exercise was performed in LBP group for three weeks, and spinal segment motion angles were compared before and after the exercise performance. Spinal segment motion angles were measured both in sitting and standing position. Results were as followed: 1) Subjects' average age was 24.79 years, height was 167.84 cm, and weight was 59.95 kg. 2) Spinal segment motion angle of T10/l1 was significantly higher in LBP group compared with painless group (p<.05) in sitting position during trunk flexion-extension. 3) In sitting position, whereas entire lumbar segment motion angles were lower in LBP group compared with painless group (p<.05), angle of L4/5 was higher in LBP group compared with painless group (p<.05). 4) There was no significant difference in thoracic segment motion angle in standing position. 5) After three weeks of transversus abdominis strengthening exercise, thoracic segment motion angle increased both in sitting and standing position (p<.05). 6) In painless group, there was no significant difference in entire spinal segment motion angles in sitting and standing position (p>.05). When spinal segment motion angles were compared between sitting and standing position, there were slight differences. In sitting position, there was no difference in spinal segment motion angle between LBP group and painless group while hip joint motion angle and sacral inclination angle of LBP group was lower than those of painless group (p<.05). In standing position, lumbar segment motion angle was significantly lower in LBP group than that of painless group. Transversus abdominis strengthening exercise influenced thoracic segment motion angle more significantly than lumbar segment motion angle.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.50-65
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• 2018

Objective : The purpose of this study is to analyze researches about sex education for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities in order to provide a basic data and a direction about sex education. Methods : For the systemic review, domestic and international research articles published from August 2008 to September 2018 were searched using the electronic databases PubMed, EBSCO host (CINAHL Plus with full text), Medline (ProQuest), RISS, and KISS. Keyword used for the search was 'Disability Disorder OR Autism (AND) AND (Effect OR Effectiveness)' for international papers and 'Disability AND Sex Education' for domestic papers. Total 15 articles were collected and analyzed in terms of participant, duration, type, contents, and teaching methods with PICO format. Results : In terms of level of evidence, majority was Level III evidence(60%). Most common contents of sex education were 'physical and growth' and 'relational skills'. Special education and occupational therapy were the field that sex education is provided most frequently. Effects of sex education identified were 'sex knowledge', 'sex attitudes', and 'inappropriate sexual behavior'. Conclusion : This study intend aimed to identify content, trends, and effects of sex education for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities in order to provide a basic data for clinical trial of sex education in occupational therapy practice. This study recommend further researches on the effects of sex education on occupational participation, occupational therapists' awareness of sexual activity of clients, and development of related measurement such as sexual development scale.