• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.1 s.29
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• pp.87-97
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• 1990

We followed up all the infants born to the married women under 50 years of age residing in Gunwee county, Kyungpook Province, between 1 April 1985 and 31 March 1987, and those born to the married women under 50 years residing in Hapchun County, Kyungnam Province, between 1 March 1987 and 28 February 1988, to their first birthday. Likewise, we followed up the infants born to the women who visited the MCH Center of South District Health Center in Taegu City for delivery between 1 April 1985 and 31 March 1987 to the 27th day after birth and obtained the infant mortality rate and the neonatal mortality rate, respectively. There were 17 infant deaths among 1,359 live births in Gunwee and Hapchun Counties and the infant mortality rate was 12.5 per 1,000 live births. Out of 17 infant deaths, 82.4 percent were neontal death and 17.6 percent were postnonatal deaths. Out of the 6,001 live births born to the women visited the MCH Center, 4,834 infants (80.6%) were followed up to the 27th day after birth. Of these 4,834 infants, 36 infants died before the 28th day after birth and thus the neonatal mortality rate was 7.4 per 1,000 live births. Comparison of the maternal characteristics and the birth weight between infants who were followed up and those who were lost to follow-up showed no significant differences. Assuming that the neonatal and postneounatal mortality ratio had been 6:4, the infant mortality rate for the infants born at the MCH Center would have been 12.3 per 1,000 live births. Taking such findings into consideration as the infant mortality rate observed in Gunwee and Hapchun Counties, the neonatal mortality rate at the MCH Center, the causes of infant deaths, and the low birth weight incidence rate, a conservative estimate of infant mortality rate of Korea would be between 12 and 15 per 1,000 live births in $1985{\sim}1988$.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1079-1085
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• 2001

Objective : We analysed various surgical approaches and surgical results of 28 middle cranial base tumors for the purpose of selecting optimal surgical approach to the middle cranial base tumor. Methods : In this retrospective review, 28 patients, including 16 meningioma, 6 trigeminal neurinoma, 2 pituitary adenoma, 2 craniopharyngioma, 1 facial neurinoma, and 1 metastatic tumor, underwent surgical treatment using skull base technique. Of theses, 16 tumors were mainly confined to middle cranial fossae, 5 tumors with extension into both anterior and middle fossa, and 7 tumors with extension into both middle and posterior fossa. Tumors that confined to the middle cranial fossa or extended into the anterior cranial fossa were operated with modified pterional, orbitozygomatic or Dolen'c approach, and tumors that extended into the posterior cranial fossa were operated with anterior, posterior or combined transpetrosal approach. Completeness of tumor resection, surgical outcome, postoperative complication, and follow up result were studied. Results : Total tumor removal was achieved in 9 tumors of 10 tumors that did not extended to the cavernous sinus, and was achieved in 7 tumors of 8 tumors that extended to the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. Of 10 tumors that extended to the venous channel of the cavernous sinus, only 2 were removed totally. Surgical outcome was excellent in 14 patients, good in 10, fair in 2 and poor in 2. There were no death in this series. Dumbell type tumor which extended into both middle and posterior fossae showed tendency of poor prognosis as compared with tumors that confined middle cranial fossa and extended into both anterior and middle cranial fossa. Postoperative dysfunctions were trieminal hypesthesia in 3, oculomotor nerve palsy in 2, abducens nerve palsy in 2, hemiparesis in 2, cerebellar sign in 1, facial palsy in 1 and hearing impairment in 1. Conclusion : Based on our findings and a review of the literature, we conclude that, when selecting the surgical approach to the middle cranial fossa tumors, the most important factors to be considered were exact location of the tumor mass and existence of the cavernous sinus invasion by tumor mass. We recommend modified pterional or orbitozygomatic approach in cases with tumors located anterior and middle cranial base, without cavernous sinus invasion. In cases with tumors invading into cavernous sinus, we recommend Dolen'c or orbitozygomatic approach. And in lateral wall mass and the cavernous sinus, it is preferred to approach the tumor extradurally. For the tumor involing with middle fossa and posterior fossa(dumbell type) a combined petrosal approach is necessary. In cases with cavernous sinus invasion and internal carotid artery encasement, we recommend subtotal resection of the tumor and radiation therapy to prevent permanent postoperative sequele.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2023

Objectives : This study investigated the level of sexuality knowledge and gender sensitivity and factors influencing on them among Korean high school and college students. Methods : 129 questionnaires from high school and college students with consent forms, collected from July to December of 2022, were analyzed. After identification of participants' gender, age, major, their report of the practicality of sex education, and their experience of violence or sexual assaults, participants' level of sexuality knowledge and gender sensitivity were compared. Results : Females showed higher gender sensitivity, regardless of age and group (p=0.004). The early adulthood group (≥19 years old) showed higher sexuality knowledge and gender sensitivity, compared to those adolescents (<19 years old). Among college students, those who majored in health science were identified with higher sexuality knowledge and gender sensitivity, compared to non-health science major students(p<0.001; p=0.005). Conclusions : This study revealed the significant differences in sexuality knowledge and gender sensitivity according to sex, age, and majors in adolescents and early adults. Therefore, it seems to be necessary to consider the differences in sexuality knowledge and gender sensitivity among age, sex, and majors when establishing public policy or legislation for sex crimes, including digital sex crimes.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 2005

Purpose : The long term disease course and prognostic factors were evaluated in childhood Henoch-$Sch{\ddot{o}}nlein$ puruura nephritis(HSPN). Methods : A total of 75 children(44 boys and 31 girls) with HSPN were included in this study. The onset age was $8.0{\pm}3.1$ years(2.3-l5.3 years), and the follow-up period was $4.3{\pm}3.6$ years(1.0-17.1 years). Kidney biopsy was done in 24 children(32$\%$). Initial clinical and laboratory findings were evaluated. In addition, polymorphisms of the renin angiotensin system(RAS) genes(insertion/deletion in intron 16 of ACE gene, M235T in AGT gene, and A1166C in AGTR gene) were analysed. The initial and last clinical states were classified into 4 groups as follows A, normal; B, minor urinary abnormalities; C, active renal disease (nephrotic-range proteinuria and/or hypertension with serum creatinine $\leq$1.5 mg/dL); D, renal insufficiency. Results : At the onset, the clinical states of the patients were B in 26(35$\%$), C in 46(61$\%$), and D, in 3(4$\%$). The distribution of the RAS gene polymorphism of HSPN were not different from that of 100 healthy control subjects. At the last follow-up, the clinical states of the patients were A in 23(31$\%$), B in 38(50$\%$), C in 9(12$\%$), and D in 5(7$\%$). A multiple logistic regression identified age at the onset and initial urine protein excretion as significant prognostic factors. Analysis of genotypes of the 3 RAS genes as prognostic values revealed no statistical significance. Conclusion : Older age at onset and severe proteinuria were identified as poor prognostic factors of childhood HSPN. Implication of the RAS gene polymorphism In HSPN could not be validated in this small-scale retrospective study. (J Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 2005;9:183-192)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.1504-1509
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate a validation method for determination of pectolinarin and pectolinarigenin in fermented Cirsium setidens Nakai. For validation, the specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, detection limits, and quantification limits of pectolinarin and pectolinarigenin were measured by HPLC. The results show that the detection limits of pectolinarin and pectolinarigenin were $4.25{\mu}g/mL$ and $2.46{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The recovery rates of pectolinarin and pectolinarigenin were high in the ranges of 99.7~104.0% and 99.7~102.4%, respectively. Inter-day and intra-day precisions of pectolinarin and pectolinarigenin in fermented Cirsium setidens Nakai were 0.9%, 0.5% and 0.5%, 0.2%, respectively. Therefore, application of pectolinarin and pectolinarigenin was validated by an analytical method as a marker compound in Cirsium setidens Nakai.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.338-346
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• 2004

The methanol extract of Chloranthus japonicus roots effectively controlled the development of rice blast(Magnaporthe grisea), rice sheath blight(Corticium sasaki), tomato pay mold(Btrytis cinerea), tomato late blight(Phytophthora infestans), and wheat leaf rust(Puccinia recondita). From the methanol extract of C. japonicus roots, three antifungal substances were isolated. Their chemical structures were determined to be shizukanols B, C, and D mainly by mass and NMR spectral data. Among the three substances, shizukanol C showed the strongest inhibitory activity against mycelial growth of the plant pathogenic fungi tested; it completely inhibited mycelial growth of M. grisea. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum at concentrations of more than $12.5{\mu}g$/ and P. infestans at concentrations of more than $3.13{\mu}g/m\ell$. They also controlled effectively the development of rice blast and wheat leaf rust. On the other hand, they caused phytotoxic symptoms on barley leaves and inhibited the growth of duckweed (Lemna paucicostata) with $EC_{50}$ values of $30.0{\mu}g/m\ell$ for shizukanol B, $49.9{\mu}g/m\ell$ for shizukanol C, and $154{\mu}g/m\ell$ for shizukanol D. In addition, shizukanol C showed an insecticidal activity against brown planthopper (Nilaparavata lugens), peen peach aphid (Myzus persicae), diamond-back moth (Plutella xylostella), and tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura) of the 5 arthropod pests tested with mortality values of more than 60% at a concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/m\ell$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.485-498
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary rare earth on growth performance, blood immune- related cell population, meat quality and fecal odor emitting gases in finishing pigs. The total of sixty four (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) pigs(65.42±1.16kg in average initial body weight) were used for feeding trial during 10 weeks of experimental period. Dietary treatments included 1) NC(antibiotic free diet), 2) PC (NC diet+6 weeks 44ppm of tylosin/ 4 weeks 22ppm of tylosin) 3) RE1 (NC diet + 100ppm of RE), 4) RE2 (NC diet+200ppm of RE). There were four dietary treatments with four replicate pens per treatment and four pigs per pen. During the overall periods, there were no significant differences in ADG(Average daily gain), ADFI (Average daily feed intake) and gain/feed ratio among treatments(P>0.05). Dry matter and nitrogen digestibility were higher in RE2 treatment group than other groups(P<0.05). Also, energy digestibility was higher in RE2 treatment group than PC and RE1 treatment groups(P<0.05). At the 6th week WBC(white blood cell) was significantly increased(P<0.05) in RE1 treatment group than NC and RE2 treatment groups. L* value of M. logissimus dorsi muscle color was significantly increased(P<0.05) in rare earth supplemented groups compared to NC treatment group(P<0.05). However, a* value was lower in RE1 treatment group than PC treatment group (P<0.05). In fatty acid composition of Intramuscular fat, total MUFA was significantly higher in RE2 treatment group than other groups(P<0.05). Also, total UFA was significantly increased in RE2 treatment group compared with NC and PC treatment groups(P<0.05). In fatty acid composition of back fats, total SFA of rare earth supplemented groups were lower than in PC treatment group(P<0.05). UFA:SFA ratio was significantly higher in rare earth supplemented groups than PC treatment group(P<0.05). In fecal odor emission, NH3 was significantly decreased(P<0.05) in rare earth supplemented groups compared to NC and PC treatment groups. In conclusion, the results of the experiment was affected by rare earth supplementation on digestibilities, meat quality, fatty acid and fecal odor emission gases in finishing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.499-508
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of bio-starch from corn processing to replace dried whey in weaned pigs. A total of 120 crossbred [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] pigs were weaned at 21 days of age weighing 6.01±0.34 kg in average. Five week feeding trial consisted of phase 1(0~2 wks) and phase 2(3~5 wks). Dietary treatments included 1) CON(basal diet), 2) BS5(whey 5%, partial substitution of bio-starch), 3) BS10(whey 10%, partial substitution of bio-starch) and 4) BS15(whey 15%, partial substitution of bio-starch). There were four dietary treatments with six replicate pens per treatment and five pigs per pen. During the overall period, there were no significant differences in the ADG(average daily gain) and gain/feed ratio among the treatments(P>0.05). However, the ADFI(average daily feed intake) was higher in BS5 and BS15 treatments than in CON treatment(P<0.05). At the 2nd week, dry matter and nitrogen digestibility were increased(quadratic effect, P=0.03 and P=0.01, respectively; cubic effect, P<0.001 and P=0.01, respectively) with the highest at 10% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. At the last week of the experiment, dry matter, nitrogen and energy digestibility were increased(P<0.05) with the highest at 5% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. At the 2nd week total protein concentration was increased(linear effect, P=0.04; cubic effect, P=0.01) with the highest at 10% of bio-starch inclusion in the diets. Also, BUN(blood urea nitrogen) was increased(linear effect, P=0.01) as the level of bio-starch inclusion increased in the diets. Fecal consistency score was inclined to lowers CON treatment than other treatments. In conclusion, the result of trial indicates that bio-starch can be included at the level of 5~10% of weaning pig diet replacing part of the dried-whey, and digestibilities were positively affected by bio-starch at growth stage.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.965-972
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• 2020

Sambucus sieboldiana var. miquelii (Nakai) Hara is distributed in Korea, China, and Japan, and has been used as an anti-rheumatic in folk medicine in oriental countries. The present study aims to investigate the potential use of this species in health functional foods, cosmetics, and food preservatives. Methanol extracts of leaves and branches from this plant were prepared to quantitatively analyze the total phenol and flavonoid contents, and to investigate the antioxidative and enzyme inhibitory activities, and the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production activity. The results showed that the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the crude extract were 1.52±0.1 mg/g and 1.73±0.1 mg/g, respectively. S. sieboldiana polyphenols exhibited potent scavenging activity shown by 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and 2, 2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation assay. The crude extract also exhibited significant α-glucosidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 183.5 ㎍/ml and 323.9 ㎍/ ml, respectively. Additionally, the crude extract exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity determined through the nitric oxide inhibition assay in a dose-dependent manner with an IC₅₀ value of 36.7 ㎍/ml and no cytotoxic effect on the macrophages. Therefore, we demonstrated that the leaves and branches of S. sieboldiana extract possess antioxidant, anti-diabetic, depigmentation potential, and NO production inhibitory activities. According to recent research, S. sieboldiana has great potential as a source of the bioactive compound which could be used as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical agents.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2007

Purpose: The proper reconstruction technique to use after a distal subtotal gastrectomy for a gastric carcinoma, there has been a subject for debated what is the proper reconstruction technique. The aim of this study was to compare the gastricemptying time and the quality of life following both B-I and B-II reconstructions after a distal gastrectomy for a gastric adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: We studied 122 patients who had undergone a distal gastrectomy for a gastric adenocarcinoma between June 1999 and July 2002 at our hospital. 51 patients underwent B-I group, and 71 patients underwent B-II group. To evaluate the gastric-emptying time, we analyzed the T1/2 time by means of radionuclide scintigraphy using a gamma camera after ingestion of an $^{99m}Tc$-tin-colloid steamed egg. The nutritional status was measured by the weight change. Postgastrectomy syndrome was evaluated using an abdominal symptoms survey. Dumping syndrome was measured using the Sigstad dumping score. Results: The gastric-emptying time was somewhat delayed in the B-I group after a 6 month period, but there was no difference after 12 months between the two groups. There was less weight loss in the B-I group than in the B-II group (P=0.023). Fewer abdominal symptoms were occurred in the B-I group than in the B-II group. Dumping syndrome occurred less frequently in the B-I group than in the B-II group (P=0.013). Conclusion: In our study, the Billroth I reconstruction led to less weight loss, a better nutritional status, and a better quality of life than the Billroth II reconstruction. We concluded that after a distal subtotal gastrectomy, the Billroth I reconstruction would be considered when the procedure is oncologically suitable.