• ETRI Journal
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.299-312
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• 2021

It is necessary to achieve high performance in the task of zero anaphora resolution (ZAR) for completely understanding the texts in Korean, Japanese, Chinese, and various other languages. Deep-learning-based models are being employed for building ZAR systems, owing to the success of deep learning in the recent years. However, the objective of building a high-quality ZAR system is far from being achieved even using these models. To enhance the current ZAR techniques, we fine-tuned a pretrained bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT). Notably, BERT is a general language representation model that enables systems to utilize deep bidirectional contextual information in a natural language text. It extensively exploits the attention mechanism based upon the sequence-transduction model Transformer. In our model, classification is simultaneously performed for all the words in the input word sequence to decide whether each word can be an antecedent. We seek end-to-end learning by disallowing any use of hand-crafted or dependency-parsing features. Experimental results show that compared with other models, our approach can significantly improve the performance of ZAR.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.837-842
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• 2019

A large amount of radioactive material was released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) in 2011 and dispersed into the environment. Though seven years have passed since the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, some parts of Japan are still under the influence of radionuclide contamination, especially Fukushima Prefecture and prefectures neighboring Fukushima Prefecture. The long-term effective doses and the contributions of each exposure pathway (5 exposure pathways) and radionuclide ($^{131}I$, $^{134}Cs$, and $^{137}Cs$) were evaluated for people living in the regions of Fukushima and neighboring prefectures in Japan using a developed dose assessment code system with Japanese specific input data. The results estimated in this study were compared with data from previously published reports. Groundshine and ingestion were predicted to contribute most significantly to the total long-term dose for all regions. The contributions of each exposure pathway and radionuclide show different patterns for certain regions of Japan.

• 기록학연구
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• 제1호
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• pp.137-188
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• 2000

Korea was highly successful in maintaining a strong tradition of record preservation. However, Japanese imperialism and the Korean war over this century has seen a huge quantity of these once plentiful records either destroyed or relocated overseas. Many of Korea records remain in the custody of foreign archival institutions. Additionally, many records of foreign states concerned with korean affairs, for example, records of the Department of state, in the U.S.A., are of great relevance to Korean modern history. These records which exist in foreign countries are a necessary and invaluable resource in the advancement of Korea studies. After the 1980s, as research interest in Korean modern history increased gradually, much historical material related to Korea was extensively introduced, removed, collected from the U.S.A., Japan, Russia and China etc. by the efforts of pioneering scholars and institutions. Several attempts at collating and publishing this material have been made. Despite this encouraging result, individual scholars and institutions's efforts face problems in relation to removal of records. Firstly, it is repeated nonproductively to remove and collect the same records, for we didn't establish a comprehensive information system, through which the condition of foreign record removal and management is able to be administrated. Secondly, there is no system for arrangement, preservation, use of removed records. For example, finding aids, such as inventory, register, description, isn't prepared for user. A user may usually not understand an accurate context of their creation, preservation removal. Thirdly, almost institution has arranged the removed records among other materials and books. Each institution has a different classification criteria, too. These conditions seem to make a difficulty in national management. This study investigated how the materials for Korea history which has been removed from foreign countries should be managed for effective preservation and use. For these purpose, we investigated the present conditions of removal and management of these materials. Also, we investigated examples of the foreign state, U.S.A. and Japan to have a idea for removal and management policy. Then, This study propose a establishment of information network system as management policy. To administrate removing and managing records effectively, an idea that records belong to the public should be accepted commonly. The policy for management of the record is followings. Firstly, unification of classification is necessary. The records which were removed from foreign countries had better to be classified according to their origins of states and institutions. Secondly, Finding aids should be prepared for user. There are many accession aids such as catalog, register, inventory for user in archives. This will be a efficient method for management. When a record is removed, a card for description of contents must be composed. Thirdly, a digital input and network system establishment is necessary. It will help to manage a condition of removed records. A digital input and management system establishment is not just a project of digitalizing records. At present, various finding aids need to be introduced to make a database for records and archives. An search using only 'search engine' may make a difficulty in finding materials because such method is apt to have too much or little result. So, classification, arrangement, description, response-service should be integrated in these system. The recent technical advancement give a opportunity to realize this idea. Above all, these procedure should be archival process.

• 융합신호처리학회논문지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.333-340
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• 2011

한국천문연구원은 한일상관센터 (Korea-Japan Correlation Center, KJCC)에 2009년부터 한일공동VLBI상관기(Korea-Japan Joint VLBI Correlator, KJJVC)를 설치하여 운영하고 있다. 한일공동VLBI상관기는 한국우주전파관측망(Korean VLBI Network, KVN), VERA(VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry), JVN(Japanese VLBI Network) 및 공동 관측망 등에서 관측한 VLBI(Very Long Baseline Interferometer) 데이터를 상관처리하고, 과학적 목적을 위해 관측데이터를 처리하는 전용 계산기로 사용된다. KJJVC는 각 구성시스템 사이의 데이터 입출력 규격으로 VLBI 국제표준인 VSI(VLBI Standard Interface)를 따르고 있다. 특히 관측된 데이터를 상관처리하기 위해 고속재생기인 Mark5B시스템과 동기재생처리장치(Raw VLBI Data Buffer, RVDB) 사이에는 1024 Mbps급으로 데이터가 전송된다. 고속 데이터 전송에 있어 발생하는 전자기 방해 (Electromagnetic Interference, EMI)는 관측데이터의 손실을 야기 시키며, 전송 케이블의 길이가 길수록 손실 발생빈도가 많고, 디지털 데이터 신호의 전압레벨을 감소시켜 데이터 인식 오류를 초래한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 VSI 규격의 통신에서 발생하는 EMI 잡음 정도를 측정하고, 데이터 손실을 최소화할 수 있는 방법으로 1) RC 필터를 사용한 방법, 2) Microstrip 라인을 이용한 임피던스 매칭, 3) Differential line driver를 이용한 신호 복원 방법 등을 제안하였다. 각 제안방법들의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 제안방법들은 시뮬레이션과 실험적인 구현을 통하여 성능시험을 수행하였으며, 각각의 제안 방법이 VSI 규격의 고속 데이터 전송에 유효함을 확인하였다.

• 비교교육연구
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.173-198
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• 2016

이 연구는 그동안 일본의 교육개혁 동향에 관한 국책연구기관의 연구가 미흡하고, 개인 연구들이 다소 지엽적인 과제에 대한 소개에 머물고 있다는 점에 착안하여, 최근 일본교육개혁 정책들을 문부과학성 및 중앙교육심의회를 중심으로 분석하여 그 특징을 추출하고 이를 전제로 개별 정책에 대한 평가를 시도하였다. 정책과정에 있어서 특징 분석은 체제분석방법을 원용하였다. 즉, '개혁정책의 배경 및 목표'를 통하여 투입측면을, '문부과학성과 중앙교육심의회를 거치는 정책의 수립과정'을 통하여는 과정측면을, '정책의 실효성 검증 및 반응'에서는 산출측면을, 그리고 환류 및 환경측면에서는 '정책 이해관계자와 사회의 합의 및 이해' 상황을 준거로 하여 진단하였다. 연구방법으로는 문헌연구방법(문부성 보고서 및 단행본, 논문)과 일본 현지를 방문하여 핵심관계자를 면담(중앙교육심의회 부회장등)하였고, 주제별 논객과의 대담과 현장 교사와의 면담도 실시하였다. 일본 교육개혁의 배경은 고도화와 경쟁력 가치에 두나 여유교육이라는 일본적 가치가 강조되었고 학력논쟁으로 이어졌다. 정책의 수립과정은 문부성에서 내각 등 정치권으로 옮겨가고 있는 특징을 보였다. 정책의 결과는 실효성 측면에서 현장으로부터 외면받는 경우가 적지 않았는데 현실에 대한 진단이 불충분한 정치적 실험과정이었다는 것이 원인이었다. 정책의 환류 면에서 결정과정이 공개되고 의견수렴 절차가 마련되어 있으나 객관적인 평가환류 시스템을 갖추지는 못했다. 교육개혁 정책에 대한 개별적 평가는 최근의 교육진흥기본계획, 교육기본법 개정, 수장의 교육개혁, 지방교육행정개혁, 교원개혁 정책 등에 걸쳐 살펴보았다.

• 국제지역연구
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.61-91
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• 2018

본 연구는 신용보증제도가 효과성 높은 중소기업지원 수단의 하나로서, 그 성과를 업무성격이 다른 국내 공공기관들과 비교하는 것보다 매우 유사한 형태로 운영되고 있는 일본, 대만 신용보증기관과의 글로벌 효율성 비교가 훨씬 유용할 수 있다는 측면에서 3개국 70개 기관의 2016년도 효율성을 DEA모형과 초효율성 모형을 통해 분석하였다. 분석결과, 우리나라 신용보증기관들의 효율성이 일본에 비해 다소 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 효율적으로 운영되고 있는 DMU의 숫자도 비교적 적정한 것으로 분석되었다. 초효율성점수는 히로시마, 대만SMEG, 부산, 지바, 시즈오카, 울산, 기보 순으로 나타났다. 또한, 대부분의 신용보증기관들은 규모수익상태가 체증규모수익상태에 있는 것으로 분석되어 적정수준의 투입 증가전략을 추진하는 것이 효율적일 수 있는 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 우리나라와 일본간 효율성 격차는 통계적으로도 유의한 차이를 보였다. 정책적 시사점으로는 첫째, 일본 신용보증제도의 동향에 대한 주기적 분석이 필요하며, 둘째, 신용보증규모가 국가경제 및 중소기업정책에 미치는 영향을 파악하여야 하고, 셋째, 효율성 결정요인에 관한 분석이 필요하며, 넷째, 비효율의 원인을 고려하여 효율성 개선전략의 방향성을 정립하여야 하고, 다섯째, 다각적인 측면에서 효율성 측정이 이루어질 필요가 있음을 제시하였다.

• 기록학연구
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• 제10호
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• pp.276-322
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• 2004

Historical interest in China in 1930s has been mostly focused on political characteristic of the National Government(國民政府) which was established by the KMT(中國國民黨) as a result of national unification. It is certain that China had a chance to construct a modern country by the establishment of the very unified revolutionary government. But, it was the time of expanding national crises that threatened the existence of the country such as the Manchurian Incident and the Chinese-Japanese War as well as the chaos of the domestic situation, too. So it has a good reason to examine the characteristic and pattern of the response of the political powers of those days. But, as shown in the recent studies, the manifestation method of political power by the revolutionary regime catches our attention through the understanding of internal operating system. Though this writing started from the fact that the Nationalist Government executed the administrative reform which aimed at "administrative efficiency" in the middle of 1930s, but it put stress on the seriousness of the problem and its solution rather than political background or results. "Committee on Administrative Efficiency(行政效率委員會)", the center of administrative reform movement which was established in 1934, examined the plan to execute the reform through legislation by the Executive Council(行政院) on the basis of the results of relevant studies. They claimed that the construction of a modern country should be performed by not political revolution anymore but by gradual improvement and daily reform, and that the operation of the government should become modern, scientific and efficient. There were many fields of administrative reform subjects, but especially, the field of records and archives adminstration(文書檔案行政) was studied intensively from the initial stage because that subject had already been discussed intensively. They recognized that records and archives were the basic tool of work performance and general activity but an inefficient field in spite of many input staff members, and most of all, archival reform bring about less conflicts than the fields of finance, organization and personnel. When it comes to the field of records adminstration, the key subjects that records should be written simply, the process of record treatment should be clear and the delay of that should be prevented were already presented in a records administrative meeting in 1922. That is, the unified law about record management was not established, so each government organization followed a conventional custom or performed independent improvement. It was through the other records administrative workshop of the Nationalist Government in 1933 when the new trend was appeared as the unified system improvement. They decided to unify the format of official records, to use marker and section, to unify the registration of receipt records and dispatch records and to strengthen the examination of records treatment. But, the method of records treatment was not unified yet, so the key point of records administrative reform was to establish a unified and standard record management system for preventing repetition by simplifying the treatment procedure and for intensive treatment by exclusive organizations. From the foundation of the Republic of China to 1930s, there was not big change in the field of archives administration, and archives management methods were prescribed differently even in the same section as well as same department. Therefore, the point at issue was to centralize scattered management systems that were performed in each section, to establish unified standard about filing and retention period allowance and to improve searching system through classification and proper number allowance. Especially, the problem was that each number system and classification system bring about different result due to dual operation of record registration and archives registration, and that strict management through mutual contrast, searching and application are impossible. Besides, various problems such as filing tools, arrangement method, preservation facilities & equipment, lending service and use method were raised also. In the process this study for the system improvement of records and archives management, they recognized that records and archives are the identical thing and reached to create a successive management method of records and archives called "Records and Archives Chain Management Method(文書檔案連鎖法)" as a potential alternative. Several principles that records and archives management should be performed unitedly in each organization by the general record recipient section and the general archives section under the principle of task centralization, a consistent classification system should be used by classification method decided in advance according to organizational constitution and work functions and an identical number system should be used in the process of record management stage and archive management stage by using a card-type register were established. Though, this "Records and Archives Chain Management Method" was developed to the stage of test application in several organizations, but it was not adopted as a regular system and discontinued. That was because the administrative reform of the Nationalist Government was discontinued by the outbreak of the Chinese-Japanese War. Even though the administrative reform in the middle of 1930s didn't produce practical results but merely an experimentation, it was verified that the reform against tradition and custom conducted by the Nationalist Government that aimed for the construction of a modern country was not only a field of politics, but on the other hand, the weak basis of the government operation became the obstacle to the realization of the political power of the revolutionary regime. Though the subject of records and archives administrative reform was postponed to the future, it should be understood that the consciousness of modern records and archives administration and overall studies began through this examination of administrative reform.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.437-443
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• 2014

The JCVSD (Japan Cardiovascular Surgery Database) was organized in 2000 to improve the quality of cardiovascular surgery in Japan. Web-based data harvesting on adult cardiac surgery was started (Japan Adult Cardiovascular Surgery Database, JACVSD) in 2001, and on congenital heart surgery (Japan Congenital Cardiovascular Surgery Database, JCCVSD) in 2008. Both databases grew to become national databases by the end of 2013. This was influenced by the success of the Society for Thoracic Surgeons' National Database, which contains comparable input items. In 2011, the Japanese Board of Cardiovascular Surgery announced that the JACVSD and JCCVSD data are to be used for board certification, which improved the quality of the first paperless and web-based board certification review undertaken in 2013. These changes led to a further step. In 2011, the National Clinical Database (NCD) was organized to investigate the feasibility of clinical databases in other medical fields, especially surgery. In the NCD, the board certification system of the Japan Surgical Society, the basic association of surgery was set as the first level in the hierarchy of specialties, and nine associations and six board certification systems were set at the second level as subspecialties. The NCD grew rapidly, and now covers 95% of total surgical procedures. The participating associations will release or have released risk models, and studies that use 'big data' from these databases have been published. The national databases have contributed to evidence-based medicine, to the accountability of medical professionals, and to quality assessment and quality improvement of surgery in Japan.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.535-542
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• 2012

본 연구는 2011년부터 2012년까지 주로 남부지방에서 재배되고 있는 민간실천 유기농법 6종에 대한 유기 벼 재배기술체계를 조사하여 우수농법은 영농활용자료로 보급코자 벼 유기농법 유형별 재배면적, 농가수, 품종, 작부체계, 토양관리, 시비, 병충해 잡초방제, 환경보전기능 및 10a당 수량과 농가수취가격 등을 조사 하였다. 전남북, 경남 등 남부 지방 8개시군 115농가를 대상으로 현지방문 또는 설문조사를 실시하였다. 조사 결과 벼 유기농법별 기술체계는 최대한 무투입(방임) 또는 최소투입을 원칙으로 하고 있었다. 작부체계는 대부분 맥류/녹비작물/벼를 경운 또는 무경운으로 재배하고, 품종은 일본도입 품종이나 그 지방 장려품종 중에서 선택 혼합되어 재배하고 있었다. 토양관리는 일체 시비하지 않고 볏짚, 보리짚을 그대로 이용하거나, 자가제조 퇴 액비나 토착미생물을 이용하고, 병충해 방제는 일체 무방제 하거나 친환경유기농자재를 구입사용 또는 천연식물추출물, 토착미생물, 한방제 등을 자가제조 사용하였다. 제초는 맥류 짚을 활용하거나, 왕우렁이를 이용하였다. 긴꼬리 투구새우 및 풍년새우 복원 및 메뚜기 다발생 등으로 보아 환경생태보전기능은 조사농법 모두 우수 한 것으로 판명 되었다. 10a당 생산수량은 생명환경농법>자연순환농법>스테비아농법>지장농법>예술자연농법>태평농법 순이었으나, kg당 농가수취가격은 반대의 경향을 나타내어 단순 수익성은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 조사 농법 모두 관행농법에 비해 수량성은 낮았다. 재배안전성은 스테비아농법, 자연순환농법, 생명환경농법은 비교적 높았고 태평농법, 예술자연농법 및 지장농법은 비교적 낮았다. 본 연구결과로 볼 때 재배안전성 및 실천용이성 등을 고려할 경우 스테비아, 자연순환, 생명환경 농법은 농가활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.131-150
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• 2015

영어와 달리 한국어나 일본어 문장의 경우 용언의 필수격을 채우는 명사구가 생략되는 무형대용어 현상이 빈번하다. 특히 백과사전이나 위키피디아의 문서에서 표제어로 채울 수 있는 격의 경우 그 격이 문장에서 더 쉽게 생략된다. 정보검색, 질의응답 시스템 등 주요 지능형 응용시스템들은 백과사전류의 문서에서 주요한 정보를 추출하여 수집하여야 한다. 그러나 이러한 명사구 생략 현상으로 인해 양질의 정보추출이 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 백과사전 종류 문서에서 생략된 명사구 즉 무형대용어를 복원하는 시스템의 개발을 다루었다. 우리 시스템이 다루는 문제는 자연어처리의 무형대용어 해결 문제와 거의 유사하나, 우리 문제의 경우 문서의 일부가 아닌 표제어도 복원에 이용할 수 있다는 점이 다르다. 무형대용어 복원을 위해서는 먼저 무형대용어의 탐지 즉 문서 내에서 명사구 생략이 일어난 곳을 찾는 작업을 수행한다. 그 다음 무형대용어의 선행어 탐색 즉 무형대용어의 복원에 사용될 명사구를 문서 내에서 찾는 작업을 수행한다. 문서 내에서 선행어를 발견하지 못하면 표제어를 이용한 복원을 시도해 본다. 우리 방법의 특징은 복원에 사용된 문장성분을 찾기 위해 Structural SVM을 사용하는 것이다. 문서 내에서 생략이 일어난 위치보다 앞에 나온 명사구들에 대해 Structural SVM에 의한 시퀀스 레이블링(sequence labeling) 작업을 시행하여 복원에 이용 가능한 명사구인 선행어를 찾아내어 이를 이용하여 복원 작업을 수행한다. 우리 시스템의 성능은 F1 = 68.58로 측정되었으며 이는 의미정보의 이용 없이 달성한 점을 감안하면 높은 수준으로 평가된다.