• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2010

This study examines the authentic meaning, location, garden layout, and structural characteristics of Suwoojae(守愚齋), the birth house of Garam Byungi Lee, which was the very epitome of the traditional house structure based on literature review, field survey, and the existing measured drawings. The followings explain how rusticity and spirit of scholars, the core concepts of Garam's poetry, were featured in structural and spacial arrangements of Suwoojae as well as its location and physical layout. 1. Suwoojae is enclosed by Cheonho mountain which fans out of Noryoung mountains in East and located on the tail of Yongwha mountain in West. It has proved to be Yangtack Myoungdang according to the Poongsoo theory, Inguljiryoungron; The energy of earth at a certain location results in the better fortune together with the energy emitted from human body. 2. Suwoojae is an official local monument which was built in 1844, late Joesoen Dynasty by Joheung Lee, Garam's grandfather. Some parts of inner-structure connect with the kitchen in the shape of called Gopae. Suwoojae consists of 4 Sarangchae, 3 Gobangchae, and a Jangdokdae behind Anchae. 3. Since inner and outer walls of Suwoojae are distinctly separate from the main structure, its look varies significantly from different angles. Suwoojae, in its entirety, discloses Garam's philosophy, ideas, and ideology on life and the universe. 4. Apricot trees, Japanese-magnolias, aromatic-trees, crape myrtle, white-magnolias, camellia-trees were planted on the left of the walls, and persimmon trees, jujube trees, plum trees, quince trees were at the inner-yard. Especially, trifoliate orange trees a natural monument of Jeonrabukdo draw substantial attention from visitors. 5. The main garden facilities are located in front of Sarangchae: A rectangle pond(14.72m in length and 3.87m in height), the surroundings of the pond and Anchae, rocks that have distinctive shapes. In general, the garden was designed to incorporate the scenery around Suwoojae as a part of its structure and contain the love for nature and aesthetic sense. 6. It seems that the natural surroundings of Suwoojae had helped form motives of Garam's poetry and assisted him in finding subject-matters and identifying the themes of his works. This is well revealed in his poem, Seungwoonjungee.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.125-135
• /
• 2010

To discover the main characteristics of Korean traditional flower arrangement, they were compared with different articles and old paintings used in royal court ceremonies. The primary research involved principle of design. The times periods used were the Joseon Dynasty era of Korea, the Ming era of China, and the Edo eras of Japan. The result, which shows both the similarities and differences, of the research is summarized as follows. The similarities were that they all respect the features of nature, and their image expresses their creator's thinking. There was one technique, called 'Suje', in which a part of the stem is coming out from one branch. Also, each three eras preferred flowering trees and ornamental trees more than annuals or foliage plants. one of the differences was that korea used a simple number of materials. The work had volume and appeared mild by using a soft curved line which was repetitive and massive. The Joseon Dynasty era advanced a sense of beauty with artistic symmetry and balance. The work seemed soft and natural because of the little change in blank space, with almost no angle of line. The form had a characteristic preference of being taller than the typical Japanese arrangement. It appeared simple, calm, and rustic by using only one kind of material. In contrast, the Chinese style was gorgeous and displayed volume in a non-symmetrical tripodal form, which incorporated various colors and materials. Also, they avoided processing the materials in order to emphasize the original beauty of nature. Chinese flower arts did not become formalized because they did not consider the formality seriously the formal. The Japanese style was also gorgeous because it incorporated various materials and angles. It included an extreme technique in which an artificial line divided the blank space delicately. The line was both strong and delicate in an established form. The restriction of the main branch gave a light feeling, as well as more strain as in a balance sense. The Japanese eras emphasized more the use of line and a sense of blank space.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.38-49
• /
• 2021

The maintenance project of the Jeonglimsa temple site started with the objective of restoring the original structure of the temple, however, it was gradually transitioned to a landscaping maintenance project over time that constructs a landscape of the temple area. With paying attention to these facts, this study summarized the characteristics of cultural heritage landscaping of the Jeonglimsa temple site as follows. First, Cultural heritage landscaping is a landscaping act that creates, maintains, and manages landscapes within the spatial scope of the cultural heritage designated under the Cultural Heritage Protection Act and the cultural heritage protection area established around it. It is a work that includes protection and maintenance of the excavated remains, spaces by each function and plans for moving lines, Installation of structures to protect cultural properties, adoption of the facilities and structures for convenience of visitors, and construction of vegetation landscape. Second, the cultural heritage landscaping of the Jeonglimsa temple site has been developed in 5 periods, and these include 'the period of historical site investigation' that the temple name was identified through the designation of cultural assets and excavation investigation by the Japanese rule, 'the construction period of Baekje Tower Park' after the liberation from the Japanese rule, 'the period of Baekje Cultural Area Development Project' designated as a historical site, 'the period of the Comprehensive Development Project for a Specific Area of Baekje Culture',which was proceeded with the establishment of the park and museum instead of restoring the temple building due to the difficulty in gathering the pieces of historical evidence, and 'the period of the Jeonglimsa temple site restoring project', which was designated as a World Heritage Site while restoring the buildings deployment in the Buddhist temple at the time of foundation era of Baekje Dynasty. Third, this study verified the landscape changes of the Jeonglimsa temple site that have been transitioned, for instance, the creation of a commemorative park linked to the outer garden of Buyeo Shrine, the implementation of urban planning of the Japanese colonial era, the creation of a protective environment for the excavated historical structures and temple area, the restoration of building deployment in the Buddhist temple, and the sincerity restoration and utilization of cultural assets. Fourth, the landscape of Jeongnimsa temple site is determined by the subject and scope of cultural property designation, land use, movement lines and pavement, repairing methods of remains, structures, facilities, and vegetation. The characteristics of the cultural heritage landscape of Jeongnimsa Temple were derived, such as creating a procedural landscape considering the expansion of the cultural heritage designation scope, securing authenticity by maintaining relics in consideration of reversibility, creating a vegetative landscape suitable for historical and cultural landscapes, and enhancing the value of cultural heritage enjoyment by providing an open space.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.350-364
• /
• 2013

Based on the background of the times and theoretical background that influenced the formation of the works of Charles Rennie Mackintosh, one of representative architects of Art Nouveau, this study examined the formative characteristics of furniture design by period. In addition, his influences on the modern furniture design were also reviewed. In the latter half of the 19th century, due to Arts and Crafts Movement, the popularity of Art Nouveau was not high in England and due to conservative and traditional culture, Mackintosh had difficult time to display his ability in England. On the other hand, because Glasgow, one of industrial cities located in the center of Scotland where he had grown was an open and modern city, Mackintosh could win international fame in architecture and furniture design thanks to the atmosphere. Furthermore, it is found from the formative characteristics of his works that Historicism, Arts and Crafts Movement and Japanese culture and the influences of Continent became his theoretical background. His works creatively combined the noble design of Scotland and Art Nouveau to be considered a simple and pure style with a straight tendency and his working period can be divided into Beginning, Middle and Last Period according to the formative characteristics of furniture design. His constituting principle that decorated the structure influenced the Wien Secession's activities to form Wiener Werkstaette and this finally became the important background to develop to 'Modernism Design' through Art Deco and Bauhaus.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.187-208
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study is to understand the transition process of Korean architecture and urbanism from traditional state to modern state, by investigating the development of modern survey and the characteristics of survey drawings during the Great Han Empire (大韓帝國), the early modern Korea. The governmental efforts of the Great Han Empire to introduce a modern survey system named Gwangmu Land survey (光武量田事業) ended in failure. After the Russo-Japanese War (露日戰爭, 1904-1905), the Residency-General (統監府) held the hegemony of Korean Peninsula. It reintroduced a modern survey system for the survey of land and buildings all over the country and enforced the Land and Buildings Certification System (土地家屋證明制度). Since then, the land and buildings survey was propagated rapidly and the modern system for land use was gradually organized. With the progress of modern survey, the survey bureau of Cabinet (內閣) and Department of Royal Household (宮內府) created survey drawings that had some characteristics of colonialism. Takjibu (度支部) produced cadastral maps of major cities, with which the modern land system was developed. In addition, the Royal Property Bureau (帝室財産整理局) produced survey drawings of land and buildings owned by the Royal Household which were finally converted into modern facilities.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.67-74
• /
• 2024

This study attempted to derive regional characteristics from forest areas in Fukuoka Prefecture, which are traditional forestry areas in Japan, but have reached a time when new conversions are needed due to a decrease in wood prices and loss of motivation due to natural disasters such as typhoons. As a result, most of them are distributed to areas that include urbanization, rural areas, and mountain villages, and production areas of remote materials, which have the potential for forestry, but need to change policies to revitalize them due to low mountain utilization. Therefore, forest management and forestry production activities by multiple municipalities were judged to be efficient in these regions due to the promotion of forestry infrastructure, such as the expansion of forestry networks and the creation of mechanized forestry.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.57-67
• /
• 2012

This study draws the following conclusions about the nature garden culture with crane that is a dynamic landscaping factor introduced into nature garden by analyzing the literatures on cranes written and landscapes painted in Chosun Dynasty. First, crane symbolizes such Buddhist, Taoist and Confucius media as appearance of Buddha, desire for Taoist hermit world and long life, and a solitary's life of proud loneliness. It has been recorded that crane was raised from the Three Nations Era till the Japanese occupation and Confucius scholars in Chosun Dynasty opened shows concerning crane or formed literature groups enjoying poems of it, and often using crane as their denial of going into government service. Second, in order to introduce crane to nature garden, people caught wild crane and made a fence and some kind of pond for their growth. In addition, crane was strictly managed by appointed slaves and they trained crane for dancing and then tended to allow a crane to play on the yard in terms of abstract meaning or got two cranes free in consideration of their ecology. Third, for more appreciation of crane and the expression of some symbolism matching for it, both plum and pine, which mean a solitary's life and long life respectively, were planted in nature garden. And, Confucius scholars in Chosun Dynasty also enjoyed their refined tastes with appreciation, napping, reading and playing the harp, accompanied by crane. As aforementioned, Confucius scholars in Chosun Dynasty did not only draw the meaning symbolized by cranes and write poems about such symbolic meaning, but also positively introduce crane into nature garden as a dynamic landscaping factor, so that they enjoyed synesthetic senses including looks, motions and sounds of cranes for their refined tastes.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.96-109
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study is to sort out the plants in "The Book of Songs", and to analyze the cultural significance of plants from the viewpoint of the symbolic elements and the landscape elements in the 3~11 century BC. The conclusions are as follows. First, there were 147 plant names and 136 plant species in "The Book of Songs", and these results can confirm that the plants were existed in the 3~11 century BC. Second, through analyzing the cultural significance of the plants, cattail, lotus, etc. are the symbol of lovers; peony and willow are the symbol of farewell; bamboo is the symbol of gentleman; and Japanese pepper is the symbol of fecundity. Third, at the viewpoint of the landscape elements, the poplar, dwarf elm, etc. can be used as a place of affection; reed and nepenthe can make a place of melancholy, hazel and chestnut tree, etc. can make a place of power and position, celery and water shield etc. can be used as a place of knowledge. Based on the research of "The Book of Songs", it can help to understand the plants culture in 3~11 century BC, and it will be a useful information for the plant design.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.56-69
• /
• 2012

In this paper, we investigate the original space, the restoration and the construction methods of royal tombs of the Joseon dynasty Sejong who is one of the most respected kings by our people through old document. Yeongneung(英陵) where King Sejong and Queen Soheon is buried has a unique construction method and history of move which is as equally important as human history. It is estimated that there were documents which contains important materials of construction method in the time when the tomb is moved in 1468. Destroyed during Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 most of the records of Yeongneung's construction can be found almost no. Fortunately existing literature "朝鮮王朝實錄", "英陵補土所謄錄" written in 1786, "春官通考" written in 1788 and "英陵寧陵補土所謄錄" written in 1900 are used in this paper. As a result of examining these old documents, 1) Definition of tomb construction, 2) Space and layout of tomb, 3) Characteristics of tomb facilities, 4) Scale and contents of tomb construction, 5) Plants of tombs are included in this paper. World Heritage listed cultural facilities should be well preserved and careful consideration is required to use original construction methods during restoration. Accordingly this study conducted by examining old literature. Through this study including Yeongneung's construction characteristics, understanding of Yeongneung construction and restoration in the future is considered.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.23-31
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze features and meanings on Kyonsungbu Namsan Park Design Proposal established in 1917, and to discuss the significance of the idea of Forest Park on Namsan Park. This Namsan Park Design Proposal has been the first attempt to apply modern park concept to broaden Namsan area by a professional park planner. The professional park planner to conduct Namsan Park Design Proposal is Dr. Seiroku Honda who is a pioneer of modern Japanese park planning. He clarified the concept of Namsan Park into Forest Park. With his idea we can imagine the position of Namsan at that time as a meaningful green space in Kyonsung city. In the proposal, the planning boundary of Namsan Park was considered widely as Namsan area into one big park, including the north with existing Wesungdae Park, Hanyang Park, Noinjeong and Jangchungdan, and the south with connecting park to Yongsan area beyond the walls of Hangyang castle. In a wide range of park space of the plan, parkways and park facilities were introduced. How to manage new parkways and facilities were also considered together. The significance of this plan is that it is the first trial of modern park planning with Namsan. In addition to the analysis of Kyonsungbu Namsan Park Design Proposal, the modern meaning and implications were also discussed.