• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.106-113
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• 2008

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects of $\beta$-glucan from barley on RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined. The RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were preincubated with various concentrations ($0-200\;{\mu}g/mL$) of $\beta$-glucan and stimulated with LPS to induce oxidative stress and inflammation. The $\beta$-glucan treatments were found to reduce thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) accumulation, and enhance glutathione levels and the activities of antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) in the LPS-stimulated macrophages as compared to the LPS-only treated cells. Nitric oxide (NO) production was significantly suppressed in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05) with an $IC_{50}$ of $104\;{\mu}g/mL$. Further treatment with $\beta$-glucan at $200\;{\mu}g/mL$ suppressed NO production to 2% of the LPS-control, and suppressed the levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein and mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. The specific DNA binding activity of nuclear factor ${\kappa}B\;(NF{\kappa}B)$ was significantly suppressed by $\beta$-glucan treatment with an $IC_{50}$ of $220\;{\mu}g/mL$ in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, barley $\beta$-glucan ameliorates NO production and iNOS expression through the down-regulation of $NF{\kappa}B$ activity, which may be mediated by attenuated oxidative stress in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.497-503
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• 2011

Objectives : To assess the effect of Bojungiki-tang for symptomatic management in stable asthmatic patients after initial treatment. Methods : Outcome measures of asthmatic patients were recorded using patient's charts and inquiry. Compared with the patient's state right after they got their treatment, "Excellent" was if it was almost the same state, "Good" was if the patient's state was maintained for almost 70%, "Fair" was for 50%, "Poor" was for under 50% or if the patient required another treatment. Results : Of 25 patients, 21 used Bojungiki-tang for more than one month and 20 maintained a stable state, that is, feeling more than 70% of symptom control compared with previous best status. Conclusions : Bojungiki-tang has a good effect for maintaining asthma after treatment.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.21-28
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• 2008

In this paper, we suggest an analytical model that can derive the I-V characteristics in the saturation region of a short channel GaAs MESFET. Instead of the pinch-off concept that has been used in the conventional models we can derive the two-dimensional potential in the depletion region in order that the velocity saturation region cannot be pinched-off and the current continuity condition can be satisfied. Obtained expression for the velocity saturation length is expressed in terms of the total channel length, channel doping density, gate voltage, and drain voltage. Compared with the conventional channel length shortening models, the present model seems to be considerably accurate and more reasonable in explaining the Early effect.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.345-350
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• 2009

The endpoint of the Yangbuk tunnel constructed at the national road between Gyeongju and Gampo is composed of massive cutting because the road is driven through the sides of mountain. PAP(Prestressed Anchor and PC Pannel) retaining wall as a slope stability method was established over this section. Part of the anchor in PAP wall became broken after six months. We performed inverse analysis through its measurements obtained until that time. An geological investigation to confirm the condition of ground layering and the attraction force test to find as to whether some errors might be present in the anchor were made. According to the back analysis, it was turned out that the value with soil parameter 90% that was applied to the original design was pertinent. In the redesign, the permissible stress in the anchor body was changed from 306 kN to 591 kN and 784 kN and the fixation position was increased from 11.0 m to 23.0 m. Nevertheless, five months have passed since the exchange of the anchor, the measurement results validate that stable state has been maintained. This research is considered a case that the immediate maintenance helps prevent the slope accidents.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.417-422
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• 2009

Tunnels that have recently been constructed are characterized by longer length than ever before and furthermore they frequently go through the ground area with poor conditions such as fractured zones. If ground strength is weak, plastic deformation of tunnel occurs, and occasionally a big fall may be brought about. Up to now, the construction work of tunneling has been executed as a sequential method placing the lining concrete after completion of excavation. Such a method requires a long time and much money to complete the tunnel. It is hard to ensure the stability of tunnel if tunnel is left undone for a long time after excavation in fracture zones or plastic grounds. For this reason, we tried to take simultaneous construction of tunnel excavation and lining concrete in order to not only shorten construction schedule but also stabilize the tunnel at the highly fractures zone as soon as possible. As preliminary consideration for simultaneous construction, in-situ tests are performed to calculate the isolation distance over which blasting vibration does not influence the strength of lining concrete. Improvement of ling form, placing method of concrete, ventilation using a dust collector, together with equipment arrangement, was made to assure the simultaneous construction work.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.795-798
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• 2004

After showing 32 inch two-dimensionally integrated fluorescent lamp (TIFL) and its module at SID '04, 40 inch TIFL and its module of prototype have been developed at the first time. It is the biggest size in the world as well as has a backlight unit without BEF optical film. The luminance of TIFL is 14000 nit at 190 watt power consumption and its luminous efficacy is 51 lumen/watt. The use of TIFL simplifies backlight assembly process and removes high price optical sheets. As a result, LCD TV, used by TIFL, is rapidly going to expand its market share in the large size TV area.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.267-273
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• 2004

The optimization of culture conditions for the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa BYK-2 KCTC 18012P, was performed to increase its rhamnolipid production. The optimum level for carbon, nitrogen sources, temperature and pH, for rhamnolipid production in a flask, were identified as 25 g/L fish oil, 0.01% (w/v) urea, 25 and pH 7.0, respectively. Optimum conditions for batch culture, using a 7-L jar fermentor, were 200 rpm of agitation speed and a 2.0 L/min aeration rate. Under the optimum conditions, on fish oil for 216 h, the final cell and rhamnolipid concentrations were 5.3 g/L and 17.0 g/L respectively. Fed-batch fermentation, with different feeding conditions, was carried out in order to increase, cell growth and rhamnolipid production by the Pseudomonas aeruginosa, BYK-2 KCTC 18012P. When 2.5 g of fish oil and 100 mL basal salts medium, containing 0.01 % (w/v) urea, were fed intermittently during the fermentation, the final cell and rhamnolipid concentrations at 264 h, were 6.1 and 22.7 g/L respectively. The fed-batch culture resulted in a 1.2-fold increase in the dry cell mass and a 1.3-fold increase in rhamnolipid production, compared to the production of the batch culture. The rhamnolipid production-substrate conversion factor (0.75 g/g) was higher than that of the batch culture (0.68 g/g).

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.632-642
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine influence factors for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting(PONV) for postoperative 24hr. Participants were 332 general surgery(GS), neurosurgery(NS), orthopedic surgery(OS), obstetrics and gynecology(OBGY), otorhinolaryngology (ENT) surgical patients at one hospital in G city. Data were collected from December 2014 to December 2015, and the data were analyzed by t-test, $x^2$-test and logistic regression analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that non smoking (p=.011), history of motion sickness (p=.020), history of PONV (p=.001), post operative pain (p=.001) were influence factors for PONV. Preoperative intensive management of PONV is necessary if there is a history of non smoker, history of motion sickness and history of PONV before surgery, and postoperative pain should be actively intervened.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2012

Objectives: Cigarette smoking is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Bilirubin is a potent antioxidant and its concentration decreases in smokers. However, studies about the association between cigarette smoking and bilirubin are scarce and most are limited to total bilirubin. Additionally, bilirubin is highly related to hemoglobin. Therefore, this study evaluates the association between bilirubin subtypes and cigarette smoking in healthy Korean men independently of hemoglobin. Methods: This study included 48 040 Korean men aged 30 to 87 years who visited the Korea Medical Institute for routine health examinations from January to December, 2007. The association of smoking with total, direct, and indirect bilirubin was assessed by logistic regression analysis taking into consideration differences in subjects and smoking characteristics. Results: Current smokers had lower bilirubin concentrations than never-smokers and ex-smokers. Smoking amount and duration were inversely significantly associated with total, direct, and indirect bilirubin. In a multivariable adjusted model, compared to never-smokers, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of current smokers with the highest number of pack-years were 1.7 (1.6 to 1.9) for total, 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) for direct, and 1.7 (1.6 to 1.9) for indirect bilirubin. After further adjustment for hemoglobin, this association became stronger (OR [95% CI], 2.1 [1.9 to 2.2] for total; 1.9 [1.8 to 2.0] for direct; 2.0 [1.9 to 2.2] for indirect bilirubin). Conclusions: In this study, bilirubin subtypes are inversely associated with smoking status, smoking amount, and smoking duration in healthy Korean men independently of hemoglobin. Further studies are needed to investigate this association in healthy Korean women.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1661-1669
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• 2013

This study conducted a laboratory simulation using artificial and natural rainfall in order to investigate the runoff characteristics of livestock resources through the analysis of the surface runoff water and infiltration water by rainfall intensity and fertilization level. Cattle manure and pig liquid fertilizer was used as livestock resource. As a result of this study, it was observed that the surface runoff occurred over 32 mm/hr rainfall intensity, and flow rate of the surface runoff water and the runoff ratio of contaminant parameters from livestock resource was increased, as rainfall intensity was stronger. With doubled fertilization level, T-N increased in compost and the amount of $COD_{Mn}$ runoff also considerably increased in liquefied fertilizer. In the case of natural rainfall, the runoff ratio of T-P clearly increased in compost and the T-N of final surface runoff ratio in compost and liquefied fertilizer was ranged from 0.13047 to 0.13623 with stronger rainfall intensity.