• ALGAE
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2002

A phylogenetic affinity between charophytes and embryophytes (land plants) has been explained by a few chloroplast genomic characters including gene and intron (Manhart and Palmer 1990; Baldauf et al. 1990; Lew and Manhart 1993). Here we show that a charophyte, Spirogyra maxima, has the largest operon of angiosperm chloroplast genomes, rpl23 operon (trnⅠ-rpl23-rpl2-rps19-rpl22-rps3-rpl16-rpl14-rps8-infA-rpl36-rps11-rpoA) containing both embryophyte introns, rpl16.i and rpl2.i. The rpl23 gene cluster of Spirogyra contains a distinct eubacterial promoter sequence upstream of rpl23, which is the first gene of the green algal rpl23 gene cluster. This sequence is completely absent in angiosperms but is present in non-flowering plants. The results imply that, in the rpl23 gene cluster, early charophytes had at least two promoters, one upstream of trnⅠ and and another upstream of rpl23, which partially or completely lost its function in land plants. A comparison of gene clusters of prokaryotes, algal chloroplast DNAs and land plant cpDNAs indicated a loss of numerous genes in chlorophyll a+b eukaryotes. A phylogenetic analysis using presence/absence of genes and introns as characters produced trees with a strongly supported clade containing chlorophyll a+b eukaryotes. Spirogyra and embryophytes formed a clade characterized by the loss of rpl5 and rps9 and the gain of trnⅠ (CAU) and introns in rpl2 and rpl16. The analyses support the hypothesis that the rpl23 gene cluster and the rpl2 and rpl16 introns of land plants originated from a common ancestor of Spirogyra and land plants.

• ALGAE
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2002

The transition of plant life from aquatic algae to land to land plants was one of the major events in the history of life. However, in hypothesizing the exact evolutionary path of the transition, limited shared phenotypic characters in aquatic algae and land plants (embryophytes) have been a major hinderance. Chloroplast genomes contain characters useful in tracing evolutionary histories. Embryophyte chloroplast genomes are distinguished from algal cpDNAs by having over 20 group Ⅱ introns, some of which were gained during the transition from algae to embryophytes (Manhart and Palmer 1990; Lew and Manhart 1993;Lee and Manhart 2002). Here we examine a gene cluster that, in land plants, contains psbB, psbT, psbH, petB and petD with introns found in petB and petD (petB.i and petD.i). In addition the presence/absence of introns in trnA and trnI (trnA.i and trnI.i) were determined in all five major lineages of charophytes. We found that the psbB gene cluster occurs in most surveyed charophytes and embryophytes except Spirogyra (Zygnematales) which lacks it due to intra-genomic rearrangement. All four introns are absent in Chlorokybus but present in some or all of the other four charophyte lineages (Klebsormidiales, Zygnematales, Coleochaetales, and Charales). In addition, Chlorokybus is distinguished from other charophytes and embryophytes by having an unusually long spacer (over 2 kb) between psbH-petB. The results indicate that Chlorokybus diverged before the intron gains but after psbB gene cluster formation, placing the other charophyte lineages closer to embryophytes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.737-743
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• 1999

A conventional thermophilic anaerobic digester was converted into a thermophilic high-rate hybrid anaerobic reactor (THAR) for treating distillery wastewater. The THAR has been operating successfully since May 1995 at a loading rate of 5.45 to $11.52{\;}kg/\textrm{m}^3/d$ (maximum of 15.02). The THAR has demonstrated a soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (sCOD) removal efficiency of 85 to 91% and a total COD (tCOD) removal efficiency of as much as 72 to 84%. Product gas had a methane content of 59 to 68%. The tCOD removal rates were 4.31 to 5.43, 6.26 to 6.89, and 9.03 to $9.78kg{\;}tCOD/\textrm{m}^3/d$ for tapioca, com, and naked-barley wastewater, respectively. The sCOD removal rates ranged from 3.75 to 4.79,3.28 to 4.89, and 5.57 to 6.21kg $sCOD/\textrm{m}^3/d$ for tapioca, com, and naked-barley wastewater, respectively. There were unknown substances in a naked-barley distillery wastewater that were identified as being toxic for microorganisms. However, the THAR treated naked-barley wastewater continuously for 26 days, operating at an average tCOD loading of $11.08{\;}kg/\textrm{m}^3/d$without any signs of deterioration in either COD removal efficiency or gas production rate. During this period, the average removal efficiencies of tCOD and sCOD were 84% and 91%, respectively, and the gas production rate averaged 6.61 to $7.57{\;}\textrm{m}^3/\textrm{m}^3$ reactor/d which produced 0.57 to $0.69{\;}\textrm{m}^3{\;}biogas/kg{\;}tCOD_{rem}$. From tapioca and com wastewater, the reactor showed an average gas production rate of 3.18 to 3.46 and 4.91 to $5.22{\;}\textrm{m}^3/\textrm{m}^3$ reactor/d which produced 0.53 to 0.69 and 0.62 to $0.71{\;}\textrm{m}^3/kg{\;}tCOD_{rem}$, respectively.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제7권7호
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• pp.976-984
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• 2004

마이크로소프트사는 .NET 플랫폼을 개발하면서 자바 언어에 대응하기 위해 C# 프로그래밍 언어를 만들었다. C#과 같은 .NET 언어로 작성된 프로그램은 컴파일 과정을 거치면서 MSIL 코드를 출력하기 때문에 .NET 플랫폼에서는 실행이 되지만 JVM 플랫폼에서는 실행이 되지 않는다. 자바는 썬 마이크로시스템즈사가 개발한 언어로서 현재 가장 널리 사용되는 프로그래밍 언어 중 하나이며, 컴파일러에 의해 플랫폼에 독립적인 바이트코드를 바이너리 형태로 가지고 있는 클래스 파일을 생성하면 JVM에 의해 하드웨어나 운영체제에 상관없이 실행이 가능한 플랫폼 독립적인 언어이다. 본 논문에서는 .NET 언어로 작성된 프로그램을 컴파일 하여 생성된 MSIL 코드를 자바의 중간 언어인 바이트코드 코드로 변환해 줌으로서 .NET 언어로 구현된 프로그램이 .NET 플랫폼 없이 자바의 플랫폼인 JVM에 의해 실행되도록 하는 MSIL-to-Bytecode 번역기를 설계하고 구현하였다. 이와 같은 작업이 프로그래머로 하여금 프로그래밍 언어의 제약 없이 응용 프로그램을 개발할 수 있는 환경을 제공한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권24호
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• pp.10757-10762
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of VIA screening with cryotherapy and to record normative values for indicators anticipated in similar low resource settings. Women aged 30-49 years were targeted, resulting in 1961 women screened and treated at two primary health care (PHC) centres near Suva, Fiji. Recruitment was through provision of information, education and communication (IEC). Referrals to a gynaecology outpatient department (OPD) at a referral hospital occurred throughout the screening pathway. Participation was 32% (95%CI 31-33%), higher in iTaukei (Melanesians) women (34%, 95%CI 33-36) compared to Fijians of Indian descent (26%, 95%CI 24-28). Regression analysis, adjusted for confounders, indicated significantly lower participation in those of Indian descent, and age groups 35-39 and 45-49 years. Of those examined by VIA, 190 were positive with aceto-white lesions (9.9%), within the expected range of 8-15%, with minor geographic and ethnic variation. Positive VIA results were more common in the peri-urban area, and in those aged 35-39 years. Of women aged 30-49 years, 59 received cryotherapy (none of whom had significant complications), 91 were referred to OPD, two cervical carcinomas were identified and eight cervical intra-epithelial neoplasms (CIN) II-III were diagnosed. These results provide normative findings from a community-based VIA screening program for other similar low resource settings.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.11-18
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• 1989

최근의 악관절(TMJ) 방사선학적 진단에 있어 많은 발전과 진단방법이 고안돼어 왔다. 또한 새로운 외과적 술식의 발달로 인하여 악관절내장증(Internal Derangement)의 보다 정확한 진단을 요하게 되었다. 가장 새로운 진단방법으로 핵자기공명촬영법(Magnetic Resonance Imaging:MRI)이 악관절내장증 진단 평가하는데 사용되어지고 있다. 핵자기공명촬영법은 surface coil을 이용하여 관절원판(meniscus)의 비정상적 변화를 효과적으로 진달할 수 있으며, 지금까지 이용되어오던 악관절조영술(arthrography)이나 컴퓨터 단층촬영법(C-T scan)의 단점인, 관절내 조영제 주입이나 방사선 노출둥의 문제점을 배제할 수 있다. 본 연구는 악관절 핵자기공명촬영을 한 92명(184 joints)중 천공(perforation)으로 진단된 31 명 (39 joints)를 대상으로 하였으며, 핵자기공명촬영법의 취약점으로 지적되고 있는 악관절원판 천공 진단의 정확도를 측정하기 위하여 가역적 조사를 통해, 악관절원판 천공으로 진단되어 수술받은 15명(20 joints)에서 65%(13 joints)의 정확성을 확인하였다. 또한 핵자기공명촬영법을 통한 악관절원판 진단의 정확도를 높이기 위하여 condyle head의 퇴행성 변화, articular eminence의 변화, condyle spurring, bone to bone contact등의 경조직 변화와 meniscus의 discontinuity, meniscal deformity, loss of joint space, alternated bilaminar zone 등이 악관절원판 천공진단의 중요한 findings 임을 증명 하였다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.334-340
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• 2016

Objective : The aim of our study was to evaluate the neuroprotective functions of the combination therapy using methylprednisolone (MP) and tranilast (TR) after spinal cord injury (SCI) in adult rats. Methods : Spinal cord compression injury model was achieved using Yasargil aneurysm clip. Rats were divided into control group, MP group, TR group, and combination therapy group using TR and MP. Rat models were assessed for locomotor functional recovery using Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score, spinal cord water content and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity 24 hours post SCI, haematoxylin and eosin staining and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) staining at 7 and 14 days post SCI. Results : The spinal cord water content and MPO activity in the combination therapy group was significantly lower than the control group and the individual therapy groups p<0.05. The combination therapy group had significantly higher BBB scores than control group and individual therapy groups (p<0.05). At one week after SCI, GFAP expression in the combination group was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05) but there was no significant difference compared to the individual therapy groups (p>0.05). At 2 weeks after SCI there was a slight decrease in GFAP expression compared to the first week but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05), GFAP expression between the groups was not statistically significant p>0.05. Conclusion : Combining MP and TR is therapeutically more effective in improving functional recovery, inhibiting inflammation and glial scar formation after acute SCI.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.897-904
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• 2006

리오그랑디주에서 바이아주 남부까지 약 300 km에 이르는 길고 좁은 브라질 북동부 지역에서는 남동무역풍의 교란, 전선의 침투, 해륙풍 순환 그리고 지형과 수증기 플럭스에 기인하는 국지 대류와 같은 다양한 강수 시스템이 나타난다. 연간 총강수량은 내륙에서는 600 mm, 해안지역에서는 3000 mm의 분포를 보이고 있다. 지역 기후 평균에 5-12배의 강수량이 2004년 1월에 알라고아스주 여러 지역에서 기록되었다. 46,000명의 수재민이 발생했고, 10,000,000 US$의 재산 피해였다. 이 폭우는 $21^{\circ}W,\;12^{\circ}S$에서 형성된 UTCV가 1월 내내 브라질 북동부 지역에 머물면서 영향을 미쳤기 때문이라는 것을 GOES 적외선 영상 분석으로 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.640-645
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• 2010

This paper describes the power generating property of hydrothermally grown ZnO nanorods on a flexible polyethersulfone (PES) substrate. The piezoelectric currents generated by the ZnO nanorods were measured when bending the ZnO nanorod by using I-AFM, and the measured piezoelectric currents ranged from 60 to 100 pA. When the PtIr coated tip bends a ZnO nanorod, piezoelectrical asymmetric potential is created on the nanorod surface. The Schottky barrier at the ZnO-metal interface accumulates elecntrons and then release very quickly generating the currents when the tip moves from tensile to compressed part of ZnO nanorod. These ZnO nanorods were grown almost vertically with the length of 300-500 nm and the diameter of 30-60 nm on the Ag/Ti/PES substrate at $90^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours by hydrothermal method. The metal-semiconductor interface property was evaluated by using a HP 4145B Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer and the piezoelectric effect of the ZnO nanorods were evaluated by using an I-AFM. From the measured I-V characteristics, it was observed that ZnO-Ag and ZnO-Au metal-semiconductor interfaces showed an ohmic and a Schottky contact characteristics, respectively. ANSYS finite element simulation was performed in order to understand the power generation mechanism of the ZnO nanorods under applied external stress theoretically.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2003년도 추계학술발표논문집 (중)
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• pp.663-666
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• 2003

자바는 썬 마이크로시스템즈사의 제임스 고슬링(James Gosling)에 의해 고안된 언어로 운영체제 및 하드웨어 플랫폼에 독립적인 차세대 언어로 최근에 가장 널리 사용하는 범용 프로그래밍 언어 중 하나이다. 자바 프로그램은 컴파일러에 의해 각 플랫폼에 독립적인 중간 코드 형태의 바이트코드로 변환된 클래스 파일로 생성되면 JVM(Java Virtual Machine)에 의해 실행된다. 마이크로소프트사의 .NET 플랫폼과 C# 언어는 프로그래머들의 요구를 충족시키고 썬사의 JVM 환경과 자바 언어에 대응하기 위해서 개발된 플랫폼과 언어이다. C#과 같은 .NET 언어는 컴파일러에 의해 MSIL(MicroSoft Intermediate Language) 코드로 번역되며 번역된 MSIL 코드는 .NET 플랫폼 환경에서 런타임 엔진인 CLR(Common Language Runtime)에 의해 실행이 된다. 자바로 작성된 프로그램은 JVM 플랫폼에서는 실행이 되지만 .NET 플랫폼에서 실행이 되지 않고, 반대로 C#과 같은 .NET 언어로 작성된 프로그램은 .NET 플랫폼에서는 실행이 되지만 JVM 플랫폼에서 실행이 되지 않는다. 이런 이유로 본 논문에서는 자바소스를 컴파일하여 생성된 클래스 파일에서 Oolong 코드를 생성하고 생성된 Oolong 코드를 .NET의 MSIL 코드로 변환하여 자바로 구현된 프로그램이 .NET 환경에서 실행되도록 하는 Bytecode-to-MSIL 번역기 시스템을 구현하였다. 따라서, 자바 프로그래머는 JVM이나 .NET 플랫폼 환경에 관계없이 프로그램을 작성하여 실행시킬 수 있다. 번역기 시스템의 구현을 정형화하기 위해 Oolong 코드의 명령어들을 문법으로 작성하였으며, PGS를 통해 생성된 어휘 정보를 가지고 스캐너를 구성하였으며, 파싱테이블을 가지고 파서를 설계하였다. 파서의 출력으로 AST가 생성되면 번역기는 AST를 탐색하면서 의미적으로 동등한 MSIL 코드를 생성하도록 시스템을 컴파일러 기법을 이용하여 모듈별로 구성하였다.