• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.1004-1012
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary energy levels on the physiological parameters and reproductive performance of gestating first parity sows. A total of 52 F1 gilts ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$) were allocated to 4 dietary treatments using a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained diets with 3,100, 3,200, 3,300, or 3,400 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg, and the daily energy intake of the gestating gilts in each treatment were 6,200, 6,400, 6,600, and 6,800 kcal of ME, respectively. During gestation, the body weight (p = 0.04) and weight gain (p = 0.01) of gilts linearly increased with increasing dietary energy levels. Backfat thickness was not affected at d110 of gestation by dietary treatments, but increased linearly (p = 0.05) from breeding to d 110 of gestation. There were no significant differences on the litter size or litter birth weight. During lactation, the voluntary feed intake of sows tended to decrease when the dietary energy levels increased (p = 0.08). No difference was observed in backfat thickness of the sows within treatments; increasing energy levels linearly decreased the body weight of sows (p<0.05) at d 21 of lactation and body weight gain during lactation (p<0.01). No significant differences were observed in the chemical compositions of colostrum and milk. Therefore, these results indicated that high-energy diets influenced the bodyweight and backfat thickness of sows during gestation and lactation. NRC (2012) suggested that the energy requirement of the gestation gilt should be between 6,678 and 7,932 kcal of ME/d. Similarly, our results suggested that 3,100 kcal of ME/kg is not enough to maintain the reproductive performance for gilts during gestation with 2 kg feed daily. Gilts in the treatment 3,400 kcal of ME/kg have a higher weaning number of piglets, but bodyweight and backfat loss were higher than other treatments during lactation. But bodyweight and backfat loss were higher than other treatments during lactation. Consequently, an adequate energy requirement of gestating gilts is 6,400 kcal of ME/d.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.240-240
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• 2011

The first neutral beam injector (NBI-1) has been developed for the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) tokamak. A first long pulse ion source (LPIS-1) has been installed on the NBI-1 for an auxiliary heating and current drive of KSTAR core plasmas. Performance of ion and neutral beam extractions in the LPIS-1 was investigated initially on the KSTAR NBI-1 system, prior to the neutral beam injection into the main plasmas. The ion source consists of a JAEA magnetic bucket plasma generator with multi-pole cusp fields and a set of KAERI prototype-III tetrode accelerators with circular apertures. The inner volume of plasma generator and accelerator column in the LPIS-1 is approximately 123 liters. Final design requirements for the ion source were a 120 kV/ 65 A deuterium beam and a 300 s pulse length. The extraction of ion beams was initiated by the formation of arc plasmas in the LPIS-1, called as an arc-beam extraction method. A stable ion beam extraction of LPIS-1 has been achieved up to an 100 kV/42 A for a 4 s pulse length and an 80 kV/25 A for a 14 s pulse length. Optimum beam perveance of 1.21 microperv has been found at an accelerating voltage of 80 kV. Neutralization efficiency has been measured by using a water flow calorimetry (WFC) method of calorimeter and an operation of bending magnet. The full-energy species of ion beams have been detected by using the diagnostic method of optical multichannel analyzer (OMA). An arc efficiency of the LPIS was 0.6~1.1 A/kW depending on the operating conditions of arc discharge.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2007

This study was done to evaluate transportation of the apical foramen after 0.5 mm overinstrumentation by ProFile, ProTaper and $K^3$ in simulated resin root canal. Sixty simulated resin root canal with a curvature of J and S-shape were divided into two groups. Each group consisted of three subgroups with 10 blocks according to the instruments used: $ProFile^{(R)},\;ProTaper^{TM},\;and\;K^{3TM}$. Simulated resin root canal was prepared by ProFile, ProTaper and $K^3$ with 300 rpm by the crown-down preparation technique. Pre- and post-instrumentation apical foramen images were overlapped and recorded with Image-analyzing microscope 100X (Camcope, Sometech Inc, Korea). The amounts of difference in width and dimension on overlapped images were measured after reference points were determined by Image Analysis program ($Image-Pro^{(R)}$ Express, Media Cybernetic, USA). Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-test. The results suggest that ProFile showed significantly less canal transportation and maintained original apical foramen shape better than $K^3$ and ProTaper.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.24 no.3 s.78
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• pp.186-205
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• 1996

This study was carried out to obtain data concerning the genetic variability of Pleurotus ostreatus. Monospores of P. ostreatus were isolated and cultured to estimate differences in the rate of mycelial growth and genetic similarity among the isolates. Although the overall growth rates were slow compared to their parental dikaryon except 2-MI 4, significant differences in the rate of mycelial growth were observed among isolates. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using twenty six random primers showed 345 polymorphic DNA bands from 35 monospore isolates and their parental dikaryon. DNA bands ranged from 0.1 to 4.0 Kb in size. Most various polymorphic DNA bands within monospore isolates were obtained when we used J (OPA-01) or W (OPB-04). The 36-MI 103 showed totally different band patterns from those of the others. RAPD analysis revealed that there is approximatly 75% genetic similarity between monospore isolates and their parental dikaryon except 36-MI 103, which showed only 49% genetic similarity. In addition, genetic similarity degrees were classified into four groups: I (parental dikaryon), II (fast growing type), III (moderate growing type), and IV (slow growing type). However, there is no correlation between mating type and mycelial growth rates.

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.265-272
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• 2002

기존의 인터넷 웹사이트에서는 사용자의 만족을 극대화시키기 위하여 사용자별로 개인화 된 서비스를 제공하는 협력적 필터링 방식을 적용하고 있다 협력적 여과 기술은 비슷한 선호도를 가지는 사용자들과의 상관관계를 기반으로 취향에 맞는 아이템을 예측하여 특정 사용자에게 추천하여준다. 그러나 협력적 필터링은 추천을 받기 위해서 특정 수 이상의 아이템에 대한 평가를 요구하며, 또한 전체 사용자에 대해 단지 비슷한 선호도를 가지는 일부 사용자 정보에 의지하여 추천함으로써 나머지 사용자 정보를 무시하는 경향이 있다. 그러나 나머지 사용자 정보에도 추천을 위한 유용한 정보가 숨겨져 있다. 우리는 이러한 숨겨진 유용한 추천 정보를 발견하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 협력적 여과 방식과 함께 데이터 마이닝(Data Mining)에서 사용되는 연관 규칙(Association Rule)을 추천에 사용한다. 연관 규칙은 한 항목 그룹과 다른 항목 그룹 사이에 존재하는 연관성을 규칙(Rule)의 형태로 표현한 것이다. 이와 같이 생성된 연관 규칙은 개인 구매도 분석, 상품의 교차 매매(Cross-Marketing), 카탈로그 디자인, 염가 매출품(Loss Leader)분석, 상품 진열, 구매 성향에 따른 고객 분류 다양하게 사용되고 있다. 그러나 이런 연관 규칙은 추천 시스템에서 잘 응용되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문에서 우리는 연관 규칙을 추천 시스템에 적용해, 항목 그룹 사이에 연관성을 유도함으로써 추천에 효율적으로 사용할 수 있음을 보였다. 즉 전체 사용자의 히스토리(History) 정보를 기반으로 아이템 사이의 연관 규칙을 유도하고 협력적 여과 방식과 함께 보조적으로 연관 규칙을 추천을 위해 사용함으로써 추천 시스템에 효율성을 높였다. 구축, 각종 전자문서 생성, 전자 결제, 온라인 보험 가입, 해운 선용품 판매 및 관련 정보 제공 등 해운 거래를 위한 종합적인 서비스가 제공되어야 한다. 이를 위해, 본문에서는 e-Marketplace의 효율적인 연계 방안에 대해 해운 관련 업종별로 제시하고 있다. 리스트 제공형, 중개형, 협력형, 보완형, 정보 연계형 등이 있는데, 이는 해운 분야에서 사이버 해운 거래가 가지는 문제점들을 보완하고 업종간 협업체제를 이루어 원활한 거래를 유도할 것이다. 그리하여 우리나라가 동북아 지역뿐만 아니라 세계적인 해운 국가 및 물류 ·정보 중심지로 성장할 수 있는 여건을 구축하는데 기여할 것이다. 나타내었다.약 1주일간의 포르말린 고정이 끝난 소장 및 대장을 부위별, 별 종양개수 및 분포를 자동영상분석기(Kontron Co. Ltd., Germany)로 분석하였다. 체의 변화, 장기무게, 사료소비량 및 마리당 종양의 개수에 대한 통계학적 유의성 검증을 위하여 Duncan's t-test로 통계처리 하였고, 종양 발생빈도에 대하여는 Likelihood ration Chi-square test로 유의성을 검증하였다. C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한 대조군의 대장선종의 발생률은 84%(Group 3; 21/25례)로써 I3C 100ppm 및 300ppm을 투여한 경우에 있어서는 각군 모두 60%(Group 1; 12/20 례, Group 2; 15/25 례)로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 대장선종의 마리당 발생개수에 있어서는 C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.315-322
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• 2002

최근에 경험적 지식을 체계화하는 방법으로 사례기반추론(CBR: Case Based Reasoning) 및 규칙기반추론(RBR: Rule Based Reasoning)이 여러 분야에서 이용되고 있다. CBR과 RBR이 각각 활용되기도 하지만 문제 해결의 정확성을 높이기 위해 복합된 형태로 사용되기도 하고, 흑은 효과적으로 문제를 해결하기 위해 문제 해결 단계별로 각각 사용되기도 한다 또한 데이터에서 지식을 추출하기 위한 세부 알고리즘으로는 인공지능과 통계적 분석기법 등이 활발하게 연구 및 적용되고 있다. 본 연구는 모니터의 핵심 부품인 섀도우마스크(Shadow Mask)를 개발하는데 있어 도면 협의부터 설계가지의 과정에 CBR과 RBR을 활용하고 발생되는 데이터를 이용하여 진화(Evolution)하는 지식기반시스템(Knowledge Based System)으로 구축하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 특히 도면 협의시 인터넷상에 웹서버 시스템을 통하여 규격 (User Spec.)을 생성하고 이를 이용하여 자동으로 도면이 설계되도록 하고 저장된 사례들을 공유할 수 있도록 하여 도면 검토 시간이 단축되고 검토의 정확성을 기할 수 있어 실패비용을 감소시켰다. 그리고 실제 설계시 CBR과 RBR을 활용하여 자동설계를 할 수 있게 하였고 현장에서 발생되는 데이터를 지식화하여 유사사례 설계가 가능하도록 하였다. 지식기반시스템은 신속한 도면 검토가 가능하므로 인원 활용이 극대화되고, 섀도우 마스크 설계자와 마스터 패턴 설계자 사이의 원활한 의사소통을 통해 고객과의 신뢰성 확보와 신인도 향상을 기대할 수 있는 효과가 있다. 그리고 고급설계자에게만 의지되어온 것을 어느 정도 해결할 수 있고, 신입설계자에게는 훌륭한 교육시스템이 될 수 있다.한 도구임을 입증하였다는 점에서 큰 의의를 갖는다고 하겠다.운 선용품 판매 및 관련 정보 제공 등 해운 거래를 위한 종합적인 서비스가 제공되어야 한다. 이를 위해, 본문에서는 e-Marketplace의 효율적인 연계 방안에 대해 해운 관련 업종별로 제시하고 있다. 리스트 제공형, 중개형, 협력형, 보완형, 정보 연계형 등이 있는데, 이는 해운 분야에서 사이버 해운 거래가 가지는 문제점들을 보완하고 업종간 협업체제를 이루어 원활한 거래를 유도할 것이다. 그리하여 우리나라가 동북아 지역뿐만 아니라 세계적인 해운 국가 및 물류 ·정보 중심지로 성장할 수 있는 여건을 구축하는데 기여할 것이다. 나타내었다.약 1주일간의 포르말린 고정이 끝난 소장 및 대장을 부위별, 별 종양개수 및 분포를 자동영상분석기(Kontron Co. Ltd., Germany)로 분석하였다. 체의 변화, 장기무게, 사료소비량 및 마리당 종양의 개수에 대한 통계학적 유의성 검증을 위하여 Duncan's t-test로 통계처리 하였고, 종양 발생빈도에 대하여는 Likelihood ration Chi-square test로 유의성을 검증하였다. C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한 대조군의 대장선종의 발생률은 84%(Group 3; 21/25례)로써 I3C 100ppm 및 300ppm을 투여한 경우에 있어서는 각군 모두 60%(Group 1; 12/20 례, Group 2; 15/25 례)로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 대장선종의 마리당 발생개수에 있어서는 C57BL/6J-Apc$^{min/+}$계 수컷 이형접합체 형질전환 마우스에 AIN-76A 정제사료만을 투여한

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.683-693
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Er:YAG laser on cutting efficacy and its histologic findings. Dentin specimens of human premolars and molars were used and irradiated by Er:YAG laser with noncontact handpiece type delivery system under different treatment condition of irradiation time. Cavity pattern and volume were evaluated to determine the cutting efficacy and following results were obtained. 1. Cutting volume of sound dentin was getting larger with time immersed in water increase 2. With the condition of irradiation (150mJ, 10Hz, 30sec), surface irregularity was more increased in sound dentin comparing to carious dentin. For the light microscopic examination, dentinal tubules were opened and ash flecks and cracks were noted with inconsistence of dentinal tubules. 3. In case of 30 sec. irradiation in carious dentin, dark zone was limited to small focus whereas 1 min. irradiation, more wider, and cracks were noted in the perpendicular to direction of dentinal tubules. For the 2 min. irradiation, cavity was the widest and more cracks were found.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.300-307
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• 1998

The $Co_{90}Fe_{10}$ single layer films were deposited on various substrates (glass, Si, polymide) using high vacuum RF magnetron sputtering system and nominall 1000 $\AA$ thick $Co_{90}Fe_{10}$ alloy films had a good high frequency characteristic. $M_S$ and $H_{an}$ values obtained from the B-H characteristic of the $10{\times}[100 nm \;Co_{90}Fe_{10}/100 nm\; SiO_2]$ multilayers agreed well with those obtained by calculation. Complex relative permeability $(={\{\mu}_r={\mu}_r',-j{\mu}$\mu$_r")$ at frequency f was measured from the transmission characteristics $(S_{11},\; S_{21}\;parameters)$ of the microstrip line which has a stacked structure consisting of sample magnetic films and a conductor and is connected to a network analyzer. The ${\mu}_r'-f$ characteristic was abtained from the megnetic absorption, which was analyzed from the S-parameter characteristics of the microstrip line. The ${\mu}_r'-f$ characteristic was also calculated from the ${\mu}_r"-f$-f characteristic using the Kramers-Kronig relation. The measurement results were confirmed to agree well with those obtained by calculations.culations.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.75-81
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• 2016

Future electronics such as electronic paper and foldable cellphone are required to be flexible and transparent and should have a high performance. In order to fabricate the flexible electronics using flexibility transfer process, techniques for transferring various devices from rigid substrate onto flexible substrate by elastomeric stamp, have been developed. Adhesion between the elastomeric stamp and various devices is crucial for successful transfer process. The adhesion can be controlled by the thickness of the stamp, separation velocity, contact load, and stamp surface treatment. In this study, we fabricated the bump shape stamp consisting of a UV-curable polymer and investigated the effects of curing condition, separation velocity, and contact load on the adhesion characteristics of bumps. The bumps with hemispherical shape were fabricated using a dispensing process, which is one of the ink-jet printing techniques. Curing conditions of the bumps were controlled by the amount of UV irradiation energy. The adhesion characteristics of bumps are evaluated by adhesion test. The results show that the pull-off forces of bumps were increased and decreased as UV irradiation energy increased. For UV irradiation energies of 300 and 500 mJ/cm², the pull-off forces were increased as the separation velocity increased. The pull-off forces also increased with the increase of contact load. In the case of UV irradiation energy above 600 mJ/cm², however, the pull-off forces were not changed. Therefore, we believe that the bump shape stamp can be applied to roll-based transfer process and selective transfer process as an elastomeric stamp.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 1987

The effects of light and storage conditions on the germination of Oenothera lamarckiana were investigated. Germination was induced by red light, but inhibited by green, blue or infrared. No germination occurred in the dark. Radicle was more photosensitive than other parts of the seed. The rate of germination was proportional to increase in Light intensity ranging from 10 to 3000 Lux. Photosensitivity occurred 6 hrs after water imbibition of air-dried seeds. Maximum photosensitivity was detected 1-2 days after seeding under the light condition at 300 Lux. Germination was almost completed 3 days after seeding. When seeds stored in the chilling and wetting condition were kept at constant temperature in the dark, they germinated well. Air-dried seeds, however, didn't germinate. Whereas, the seeds which kept at alternating temperature had the tendency that seeds stored at room temperature (25$^{\circ}C$) germinated better than those stored at low temperature (4$^{\circ}C$).