• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.337-340
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• 2012

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.924-930
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• 2002

Ixeris dentata extracts exllibited antimicrobial activity against some bacteria and fungi. Also EtOH extracts showed strong antioxidant activity and RC$_{50}$ value was 28 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. The inhibitory effect of Ixeris dentata on the mutagenicity in Salmonella and cytotoxicity on cancer cell were studied. Ixeris dentata extracts showed anti-mutagenic effects of 78.83 and 75.96% on B(a)P in S. typhimurium TA98 and Th100, respectively. These extracts showed 78.72% antimutagenicity on TA100 against MNNG. The Ixeris dentata extract with strong antimutagenic activities was further fractionated by hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. Butanol fraction was found to be highest in antimutagenic activity against MNNG than the other fractions. Butanol fraction of Ixreis dentate revealed the highest cytotoxicity against AS49 human lung carcinoma cells in which cell growth was inhibited by 93.75% at 375 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. Hexane fraction of ixeris dentate exhibited 68.56% inhibition against MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells at 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. Hexane fraction of Ixeris dentata exhibited 84.91% inhibition against Hep 3B human hepatocellular carcinoma cells at 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. From these results, it is considered that Ixeris dentata has strong antimutagenic and anticancer effects in vitro. However, these extracts and fractions did not show any cytotoxic effect against 293 cells.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.133-142
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the total phenol, total flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of 80% ethanolic extract from Ixeris dentata Nakai(IDE) as well as to assess the lipid accumulation during adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells. The results demonstrated that the total phenolic and flavonoids contents of the IDE were $4.01{\pm}0.63$ GAE mg/g and $0.05{\pm}0.01$ RE mg/g, respectively. The antioxidative activities of the IDE were significantly increased in a dose dependent manner on DPPH(1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging, ABTS(2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt) radical scavenging, reducing power value. During adipocyte differentiation, IDE significantly inhibited lipid accumulation compared with the control cells. These results indicated that the anti-adipogenesis effect of Ixeris dentata Nakai could be attributed to phenolic compounds that may potentially inhibit ROS(reactive oxygen species) production.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.308-313
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• 2008

Ixeris dentata (ID, family Asteraceae), called Seumbakuy in Korea, was fermented with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and their antiallergic activities were investigated. Fermentation of ID with Bifidobacterium breve or Lactobacillus acidophilus increased its inhibition of degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells induced by the IgE-antigen complex. Oral administration of these extracts to mice inhibited the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction induced by the IgE-antigen complex and scratching behaviors induced by compound 48/80. The fermented ID more potently inhibited the PCA reaction and scratching behaviors than the non-fermented one. These extracts also inhibited mRNA expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-4, as well as NF-${\kappa}B$ activation in RBL-2H3 cells induced by the IgE-antigen complex. These findings suggest that LAB fermentation improves ID-mediated inhibition of IgE-induced allergic diseases such as rhinitis and asthma, and that ID works by inhibiting degranulation and NF-${\kappa}B$ activation in mast cells and basophils.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.269-273
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• 1990

Blood glucose and total lipid levels in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were determined after intraperitoneal administration of methanolic extract of Ixeris dentat whole plants and its main component, cynaroside (=luteolin 7-O--$\beta$-D-glucoside). From the data obtained, it was concluded that intraperitoneal administration of the methanolic extract produced a significant hypoglycemic effect. Total blood lipids were also decreased. Cynaroside in the streptozotocin-diabetic rats failed to exhibit hypoglycemic effect but a significant hypolipemic activity was observed. Thus, it is suggested that this methanolic extract may contain one or more hypoglycemic and hypolipemic principles including the main flavone glucoside, cynaroside, which can significantly reduce the levels triglyceride and total cholesterol in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.739-747
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• 2014

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of Ixeris dentata extract (IDE) on anticancer activity in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells at both cellular and molecular levels. The cells were cultured in the presence of 0, 20, 30 and $40{\mu}g/mL$ Ixeris dentata extract for 24 hours, respectively. At the end of culture, cytochemical analyses for MTT activity, trypan blue dye exclusion, Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis, and radical oxygen species (ROS) were conducted. RT-PCR was also performed to determine whether or not alterations in cell viability affect the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. MTT assay showed that relative cell viability decreased in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). Reduction of cell viability matched well with increased cell membrane permeability as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion test (p<0.05). The rates of intracellular ROS also increased in a similar manner to those of TB-stained cells. There was an associated shift of apoptotic cells from early to late apoptosis between the 30 and $40{\mu}g/mL$. Bax/Bcl-2 ratio significantly increased along with significant decreases in Bcl-2 expression between 30 and $40{\mu}g/mL$ groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, anticancer activity of Ixeris dentata extract is modulated by a reduction in cell viability along with increased membrane permeability, leading to ROS accumulation within cells, and subsequently cell death through an apoptotic pathway that involves Bax and Bcl-2 in human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.524-531
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• 2008

To investigate tea prepared from Ixeris dentata root, color, and levels of free sugars, organic acids, cynaroside, total polyphenolics, and free amino acids were investigated using various thermal processing methods. These included natural drying(ND), hot-air drying(HAD, $75^{\circ}C$), hot-air drying after steam(HADS, steaming at $95^{\circ}C$ for 30 min) and roasting after hot-air drying(RHAD, roasting at $140^{\circ}C$ for $2{\sim}3$ min). Total free sugars, organic acids, cynaroside, and free amino acids contents were highest after ND treatment. Total polyphenolics was highest after RHAD processing. The level of cynaroside, a principal component of Ixeris dentata root, was significantly decreased by HADS. The major free sugars were fructose, glucose and sucrose. Succinic acid was prominent among organic acids, and was present at 2.25%(v/v) after ND treatment. The lightness(L), redness(a), and yellowness(b) of all dried Ixeris dentata root powders were best after RHAD treatment, but analysis of the leaching liquids after hot water treatment yielded variable results. Lightness and redness were the highest after RHAD and yellowness was the highest after ND treatment. Overall, the RHAD drying method was found to be superior to other methods, in sensory evaluation tests.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.496-501
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate physiological functionalities of tea prepared by various thermal processing methods from Ixeris dentata root in order to elevate utilization of Ixeris dentata root as food. These methods included natural drying (ND), hot-air drying (HAD, $75^{\circ}C$), hot-air drying after steam (HADS, steaming at $95^{\circ}C$ for 30 min) and roasting after hot-air drying (RHAD, roasting at $140^{\circ}C$ for $2{\sim}3$ min). Physiological functionalities of tea prepared by ND, HAD, HADS, and RHAD were measured as hot-water extracts and each tea was extracted by 100 mL water on 1 g dried Ixeris dentata root powder. Electron donating abilities were the highest in HADS treatment at 98%. SOD-like activities were the highest in RHAD at 35.61%. Both ACE and tyrosinase inhibitory activities were the highest on ND treatment at 52.34% and 44.60%, respectively. Nitrite scavenging abilities of all treatment were the highest at pH 1.2 and the highest activity among them was on RHAD treatment at 50.5%.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.543-549
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• 2004

Ixeris dentata is a typical oriental herb. It is a widely distributed perennial in Korea, Japan and China, which belongs to the Compositae Family. The whole plant of I. dentata has been used for the treatment of pneumonia, contusion, tumor and hepatitis. It has also been used for the treatment of allergic diseases as a folk therapy in Korea. I. dentata is known to have aliphatics, triterpenoids and sesquiterpene glycosides in its composition. The present study was designed to explore the protective effects of water- and ethanol- extracts from I. dentata on irradiated rodents. For oral administration (twice per day), the extractive powder of I. dentata and the positive control (ascorbic acid) were dissolved at a concentration of 0.5 and 250mg $ml^{-1}$ in saline, respectively. Thirty days after irradiation, the ratio of the weight of the testis to the body weight was lower than 50% in the radiation groups than the control group. The ALP concentrations in the group treated with the water-extracts of the leaf were $79.68\pm{1.39%}$ (p<0.05) of those of the radiation control. Both of the SGOT and SGPT in the group treated with the ethanol-extract of the root were $72.68\pm{0.95}\;and\;77.87\pm{5.74}$ (p<0.05) of those of the radiation control, respectively. The levels of DNA damage induced by gamma radiation decreased in the experimental group to which the extracts of I. dentata were administered before irradiation. In conclusion, these results indicate that the extracts of I. dentata have an excellent ability to reduce the radicals and they have a protective effect on DNA breakage caused by radiation.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2012

Human skin is the first line of defense for the protection of the internal organs of the body from different stimuli. Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation induces skin damage and inflammation through the secretion of various cytokines, which are immune regulators produced by cells. To prevent the initiation of skin inflammation, keratinocytes that have been irreversibly damaged by radiation must be removed through the apoptotic mechanism. Ixeris dentata (family: Asteraceae) is a perennial medicinal herb indigenous to Korea. It has been used in Korea, China, and Japan to treat in digestion, pneumonia, diabetes, hepatitis, and tumors. To gain insight into the anti-inflammatory effects of I. dentata, we examined its influence on UVB-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells), by observing cells that were stimulated with UVB in the presence or absence of I. dentata. In the present study, pro-inflammatory cytokine production was determined by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analysis to measure the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs). I. dentata inhibited UVBinduced production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 in a dose-dependent manner. Further, I. dentata inhibited the UVB-induced expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Furthermore, I. dentata inhibited the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 MAPKs, suggesting that it inhibits the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, and COX-2 expression, by blocking MAPK phosphorylation. These results suggest that I. dentate can potentially protect against UVB-induced skin inflammation.