• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.84-91
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the inhibitory or inductive potentials of Yuldahanso-tang (YDT) and Chungsimyonja-tang (CST), herbal formulas for Taeeumin, on cytochrome P450 (CYP450) drug metabolizing enzyme. The mechanisms for the herbal formula-drug interaction has not been well reported in spite of the chance for co-administration with conventional drugs. Methods : To evaluate the interaction potential of YDT-drug or CST-drug, the fluorescence-based enzyme assays on CYP450 isozymes including CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 were established in vitro. The inhibitory effects of herbal formulas were characterized with $IC_{50}$ values. Results : YDT showed inhibitory effects on CYP2D6 and CYP2E1-mediated metabolism, while it exhibited week inhibition on CYP3A4 and CYP2C19 relatively. CST exerted relatively weak inhibitory effects on the four CYP450 isozymes compared to that of YDT. Conclusions : These results suggest that the herbal formula-drug interaction could be occur when YDT are co-administered with drugs mediated by CYP2D6 or CYP2E1.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.116-123
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• 1993

The genus Ganoderma is typical wood-rotting fungi and its fruiting body has been used as an important herb in oriental medicine. Recent research discovered antitumor components from Ganoderma lncidum. Various Ganoderma species are being cultivated in Korea. However, taxonomic system of the genus Ganoderma has been based mainly on the macromorphology of fruiting bodies and the ultrastructural characteristics of basidiospores. Since there are similar characteristics in Ganoderma mycelia grown on the same artificial media, it is suggested that the compatibility of the fungi by di-mon mating be used as an aid to determine the identity of species in addition to the conventional characterization. In this study, we examined physiological and genetical properties such as growth temperature, pH, compatibility and enzyme or protein patterns of laccase, esterase and cellular proteins of G. lucidum RZ, G. tsugae and Ganoderma species cultivated in Korea by electrophoresis for characterization of the isolates. We found that compatibility test and isozyme patterns of laccase and esterase of the mycelia could be used for the differentiation of the isolates. These results showed that Ganoderma species cultivated in Korea is genetically similar to G. lucidum but physiologically closer to G. tsugae than to G. lucidum.

• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 1995

The activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in the cerebrum, cerebellum, striatum, and medulla oblongata was examined and mitochondrial matrix ALDH was purified prior to immunohistochemical study on the localization of ALDH isozymes in pig brain. Relatively high enzyme activity was found in the striatum and medulla oblongata when using indole-3-acetaldehyde as substrate, and in the striatum when using 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL). The main part of mitochondrial ALDH activities with both acetaldehyde and DOPAL existed in the matrix fraction. The ratio of activity of the matrix to the membrane fraction in the cerebrum was higher than in the cerebellum, suggesting that the distribution pattern of ALDH isozymes was different according to the brain regions. The 276-fold purified mitochondrial matrix ALDH from pig brain was identified to be homologous tetramers with 53 KD subunits. The enzyme showed maximal activity at pH 9.0 and was stable in the temperature range from $25^{\circ}C$ to $37^{\circ}C$. The mitochondrial matrix ALDH activity was considerably inhibited by acetaldehyde in vitro. The $K_m$ values of the enzyme for acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde were 5.8 mM and 4.9 mM, respectively, whereas $K_m$ values for indole-3-acetaldehyde and DOPAL were 44 ${\mu}M$ and 1.6 ${\mu}M$, respectively. The $V_{max}/K_{m}$ ratio was the highest with DOPAL as compared with other substrates. These results suggested that mitochondrial matrix ALDH in the present work might be a low Km isozyme involved in biogenic aldehyde oxidation in pig brain.

• BMB Reports
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.639-645
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• 2005

Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, a family of serine-threonine kinases, are important regulators of cell proliferation and malignant transformation. Phorbol esters, the prototype PKC activators, cause PKC translocation to the plasma membrane in prostate cancer cells, and trigger an apoptotic response. Studies in recent years have determined that each member of the PKC family exerts different effects on apoptotic or survival pathways. $PKC{\delta}$, one of the novel PKCs, is a key player of the apoptotic response via the activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Studies using RNAi revealed that depletion of $PKC{\delta}$ totally abolishes the apoptotic effect of the phorbol ester PMA. Activation of the classical $PKC{\alpha}$ promotes the dephosphorylation and inactivation of the survival kinase Akt. Studies have assigned a pro-survival role to $PKC{\varepsilon}$, but the function of this PKC isozyme remains controversial. Recently, it has been determined that the PKC apoptotic effect in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells is mediated by the autocrine secretion of death factors. $PKC{\delta}$ stimulates the release of $TNF{\alpha}$ from the plasma membrane, and blockade of $TNF{\alpha}$ secretion or $TNF{\alpha}$ receptors abrogates the apoptotic response of PMA. Molecular analysis indicates the requirement of the extrinsic apoptotic cascade via the activation of death receptors and caspase-8. Dissecting the pathways downstream of PKC isozymes represents a major challenge to understanding the molecular basis of phorbol ester-induced apoptosis.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 1999

Soft-rot bacterial pathogen, Erwinia sp., was isolated from chinese cabbage tissue showing soft-rot symptom. This bacterial strain caused soft-rot to chinese cabbage and potato, and identified as Erwinia chrysanthemi PY35(Ech PY35). Ech PY35 have extracellular CMCase, pectinase, pectate lyase, and protease activity, but not hemicellulase activity. The results of the microscopy showed that chinese cabbage tissue and potato tissue were macerated by infection of Ech PY35. In analysis of the CMCases activity in the total protein of Ech PY35, three CMCases were detected as intracellular protein while two CMCases were as extracellular protein by CMC-SDS-PAGE direct stain method.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 1992

The $^{14}C$-warfarin used as rodenticids was identified from various organs of sprague dawley with scintillation counter. And the cytochrome p-450 which was induced by coumarin derivatives was identified with electrophoresis. The distributions of $^{14}C$-warfarin after $14.8{\mu}Ci/kg$ oral application at each organ was as follows; urine-7.5%, blood-0.44%, feces-0.9%, liver-0.66%, lung-0.86%, kidney-0.8%, heart-0.43% and spreen-0.33% after 24hrs. The cytochrome p-450 was purified by Octyl Sepharose CL-4B hydrophobic chromatography and isozymes were 50.8 Kd in control group, 53.3 Kd and 55.2 Kd in coumarin pretreated group and 50.8 Kd, 54.6 Kd and 57.7 Kd in warfarin pretreated group.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.351-355
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• 1988

This study carried out to change ${\alpha}-amylase$ activity and isozymes in barley during germination in the dark and red light. The specific activity of ${\alpha}-amylase$ increased during the germination in the dark, giving 355.0 and 523.7 units/mg protein at 3 and 5 days, and the activity was increased by the red light up to 48 and 15% at 3 and 5 days of germination, respectively. The ratio of ${\alpha}-amylase$ I and II was approximately 95 : 5 at both 3 and 5 days of germination in the dark while the different ratio was found by the red light i.e. 60 : 40 and 90 : 10 at 3 and 5 days of germination, respectively.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.37-45
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• 1988

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C(PI-PLC) is a second messenger of signal transducer on cell membrane. In the previous study, PLC of bovine brain has been purified three isozymes. In this paper, uterus and seminal vesicle have been purified. Two peaks of PI-PLC activity were resolved when bovine uterus and seminal vesicle proteins were chromatographed on a DEAE and phenyl TSK 5PW HPLC column. Each two peak was compared with PI-PLC I, IT and ill from bovine brain and we got the retension time on HPLC. The peak fractions with PLC activity were tested homogeneity with brain PLC monoclonal antibodies(Mab). Mab-labeled affigels were bounded in the range of 73.8%~97.5% with PLC I, IT and III. Homogeneity of fractions were revealed that DEAE F-1 and phenyl F-1-I were highest level of PLC III in uterus and seminal vesicle and DEAE F-2 and phenyl F-2-I were mixed PLC I and II.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.47-59
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• 2014

Objectives: Most drug interactions are attributed to the inhibition or induction of the activity of cytochrome P450s (CYP450). Although the regulation of CYP450s by drugs has been widely reported, there have been few studies on influence of traditional herbal formulas on the drug-metabolizing enzymes. Because herbal formulas have been used traditionally to treat various diseases and because herb-drug interactions are crucial factors determining therapeutic efficacies, a systematic evaluation of the effects of herbal formulas is important. Methods: The effects of Galgeun-tang (GGT, gegen tang), Gumiganghwal-tang (GMGHT, jiuweiqianghuo tang), Insampaedok-san (ISPDS, renshenbaidu powder), Samsoeum (SSE, shensu drink), Socheongryong-tang (SCRT, xiaoqinglong-tang) and Sosiho-tang (SSHT, xiaochaihu tang) that are traditional herbal formulas used to treat common cold, on drug-metabolizing enzymes were evaluated through an in vitro CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2E1 inhibition assay to assess its interaction potential with synthetic drugs. The inhibitory effects of herbal formulas were characterized with $IC_{50}$ values. Results: These six herbal formulas inhibited the activities of CYP3A4, 2C19, 2D6 and 2E1, in a concentration-dependent manner. Among the six herbal formulas, GGT critically inhibited CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2E1. GMGHT also inhibited CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 to a greater extent than the other CYP450 isozymes. Additionally, SSE and SSHT may change the effects of medicines that depend primarily on the CYP2C19 and CYP2E1 pathways. On the other hand, ISPDS and SCRT were not inhibited CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2E1-mediated metabolism. Conclusions: These findings provide useful information regarding the safety and effectiveness of herbal formulas.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.707-712
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• 2012

Human glutamate dehydrogenase isozymes (hGDH1 and hGDH2) have been known to be inhibited by palmitoyl-CoA with a high affinity. In this study, we have performed the cassette mutagenesis at six different Cys residues (Cys59, Cys93, Cys119, Cys201, Cys274, and Cys323) to identify palmitoyl-CoA binding sites within hGDH2. Four cysteine residues at positions of C59, C93, C201, or C274 may be involved, at least in part, in the inhibition of hGDH2 by palmitoyl-CoA. There was a biphasic relationship, depending on the levels of palmitoyl-CoA, between the binding of palmitoyl-CoA and the loss of enzyme activity during the inactivation process. The inhibition of hGDH2 by palmitoyl-CoA was not affected by the allosteric inhibitor GTP. Multiple mutagenesis studies on the hGDH2 are in progress to identify the amino acid residues fully responsible for the inhibition by palmitoyl-CoA.