• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.449-458
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• 2014

The heat transfer phenomenon was investigated in this study when a single round water jet with the low velocity and against the direction of gravity flows to the downward facing Isothermal of definite thickness circular plate. Experimental investigation is performed for a single round jet diameter 4mm, 6mm, and 8mm with the jet velocity 2.4m/s and jet fluid temperature of $24^{\circ}C$, varied the ratio of nozzle clearance/nozzle diameter (H/D)1, 2, 3, 6, and 8, on circular plate isothermal condition with $85^{\circ}C$. The local convection heat transfer coefficient distributions are analyzed based on the visualization of jet flow field. The effects of the diameter of Nozzle, the ratio of H/D and the ratio of nozzle diameter/circular plate diameter on heat transfer phenomenon are investigated. As a results of experiment is obtained correlation equation, $Nu_r=3.18Re_r^{0.55}Pr_r^{0.4}$.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.1068-1073
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• 2001

An n-type iron$silicide(Fe_{0.98}Co_{0.02}Si_2)$has been produced by mechanical alloying process and consolidated by vacuum hot pressing. Although as-milled powders after 120 hours of milling did not show an alloying progress,${\beta}-FeSi_2$phase transformation was induced by isothermal annealing at$830{\circ}C$for 1 hour, and the fully transformed${\beta}-FeSi_2$phase was obtained after 4 hours of annealing. Near fully dense specimen was obtained after vacuum hot pressing at$ 1100{\circ}C$with a stress of 60MPa. However, as-consolidated iron silicides were consisted of untransformed mixture of ${\Alpha}-Fe_2Si_5$and ${\varepsilon-FeSi$phases. Thus, isothermal annealing has been carried out to induce the transformation to a thermoelectric semiconducting${\beta}-FeSi_2$phase. The condition for${\beta}-FeSi_2$transformation was investigated by utilizing DTA, SEM, and XRD analysis. The phase transformation was shown to be taken place by a vacuum isothermal annealing at$830{\circ}C$and the transformation behaviour was investigated as a function of annealing time. The mechanical properties of${\beta}-FeSi_2$materials before and after isothermal annealing were characterized in this study.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.803-809
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• 2012

The non-isothermal crystallization behavior of ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) copolymer was investigated by DSC and imaging FTIR analysis. Modified non-isothermal Avrami analysis was applied to interpret the crystallization behavior of ETFE. It was found that the less linearity in ln[-ln(1-X(t))] vs. ln(t) plot was obtained in thermal analysis comparison with imaging FTIR due to relatively small crystallization enthalpy change in ETFE. It means that imaging FTIR measured by overall IR absorption intensity change due to the crystallization was found to be effective to understand the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of ETFE. In addition, the optical transmittance of ETFE was studied. The crystallite developed by slow cooling caused the light scattering and resulted in the increase of haze and the lowering of transmittance up to 8%. From our results, it was confirmed that cooling rate is an important processing parameter for maintaining optical transmittance of ETFE as a replacement material for glass.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1995

Isothermal and thermal-mechanical fatigue characteristics of 12Cr heat resisting steel used for high temperature applications were investigated including hold time effects. Isothermal low cycle fatigue test at $600^{\circ}C$ and in-phase, out-of-phase thermal-mechanical fatigue test at 350 to $600^{\circ}C$ were conducted using smooth cylindrical hollow specimen under strain-control with total strain ranges from 0.006 to 0.015. Regardless of thermal-mechanical and isothermal fatigue tests, cyclic softening behavior was observed and much more pronounced in the thermal-mechanical fatigue tests with hold times due to the stress relaxation during the hold time. The phase difference between temperature and strain in thermal-mechanical fatigue tests resulted in significantly shorter fatigue life for out-of-phase compared to in-phase. The differences in fatigue lives were dependent upon the magnitudes of plastic strain ranges and mean stresses. During the hold time in the strain-controlled fatigue tests, the increase in the plastic strain range and the stress relaxation were observed. It appeared that the increase in plastic strain range per cycle and the introduction of creep damage made important contributions to the reduction of thermal-mechanical fatigue life with hold time, and the life reduction tendency was more remarkable in the in-phase than in the out-of-phase thermal-mechanical fatigue. Isothermal fatigue tests performed under the combination of fast and slow strain rates at $600^{\circ}C$ showed that the fatigue life decreased as the strain rate and frequency decreased,especially for the low strain ranges.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.103-109
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• 2011

Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum is the causative agent of soft rot in crops such as potato and cabbages. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a simple DNA amplification method, as well as isothermal PCR technique. In this study, a new method for the rapid detection of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum was developed using LAMP that named PCC-LAMP. Based on lytic murein transglycolase gene of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, a set of four primers for LAMP was designed. The optimal PCC-LAMP reaction temperature was established at $61^{\circ}C$. Under standard conditions, PCC-LAMP amplified $1{\times}10^3$ copies of clone PCC-pBX437 per reaction. Further, this method can also assay directly by SYBR Green I without electrophoresis. Amplification was not detected for five other bacterial species. In conclusion, PCC-LAMP may be a useful method for the detection Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum in the field.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2016

We have investigated the crystallization mechanism of the lithium disilicate ($Li_2O-2SiO_2$, LSO) glass particles with different sizes by isothermal and non-isothermal processes. The LSO glass was fabricated by rapid quenching of melt. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry measurements were performed. Different crystallization models of Johnson-Mehl-Avrami, modified Ozawa and Arrhenius were adopted to analyze the thermal measurements. The activation energy E and the Avrami exponent n, which describe a crystallization mechanism, were obtained for three different glass particle sizes. Values of E and n for the glass particle with size under $45{\mu}m$, $75{\sim}106{\mu}m$, and $125{\sim}150{\mu}m$, were 2.28 eV, 2.21 eV, 2.19 eV, and ~1.5 for the isothermal process, respectively. Those values for the non-isothermal process were 2.4 eV, 2.3 eV, 2.2 eV, and ~1.3, for the isothermal process, respectively. The obtained values of the crystallization parameters indicate that the crystallization occurs through the decreasing nucleation rate with a diffusion controlled growth, irrespective to the particle sizes. It is also concluded that the smaller glass particles require the higher heat absorption to be crystallized.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.105-112
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• 2000

Using a commercial epoxy/carbon fiber composite prepreg (DMS 2224) as a model system, the cure kinetics of vitrifying thermoset system were analyzed by isothermal and dynamic-heating experiments. Focusing on the processing condition of high performance composite systems, a phenomenological kinetic model was developed by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and reaction kinetics theories. The model system exhibited a limited degree of cure as a function of isothermal temperature seemingly due to the diffusion-controlled reaction rates. The diffusion-controlled cure reaction was incorporated in the development of the kinetic model, and the model parameters were determined from isothermal experiments. The first order reaction was confirmed from the characteristic shape of isothermal cure thermograms, and the activation energy wes 78.43 kJ/mol. Finally, the proposed model was used to predict a complex autoclave thermal condition, which was composed of several isothermal and dynamic-heating stages.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.353-358
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• 2013

The ultrasonic characteristics of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel were investigated in relation to the isothermal heat treatment temperature and time. Charpy impact tests and hardness tests were conducted on individual specimens with three different heat treatment conditions. A pulse-echo method with longitudinal waves was used to measure the attenuation and velocity of ultrasonic waves. The FATT (fracture appearance transition temperature) increased with an increase in the isothermal heat treatment time, which implies that the toughness decreased. As the isothermal heat treatment time and temperature increased, the longitudinal wave velocity and ultrasonic attenuation coefficient were raised.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.57-64
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• 2001

The high speed in the wire-drawing process to meet the demands for the increased productivity has a great effect on the heat generated due to plastic deformation and friction between the wire and the drawing dies. During the high carbon steel wire drawing process, the temperature rise gives a great influence to the fracture of wire. In this paper, to control the temperature rise in the wire after the deformation through the drawing die, the calculation method of the wire temperature, which includes the temperature rise in the deformation zone as well as the temperature drop in the block considering the heat transfer among the wire, cooling water and surrounding air, is proposed. These calculated results of the wire temperature at the inlet and exit of the drawing die at each pass are compared with the measured wire temperatures and verified its efficiency. So, using the program to predict the wire temperature, the isothermal pass schedule program was developed. By applying this isothermal pass schedule program to the conventional process condition, a new isothermal pass schedule is redesigned through all passes. As a result, the possibility of wire fracture could be considerably reduced and the productivity of final product could be more increased than before.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.99-105
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• 2005

The mixing ratio effect of the GTD-111(base metal) powder and the GNI-3 (Ni-l4Cr-9.5Co-3.5Al-2.5B) powder on TLP(Transient Liquid Phase) bonding phenomena and mechanism was investigated. At the mixing ratio of the base metal powder under $50wt\%$, the base metal powders fully melted at the initial time and a large amount of the base metal near the bonded interlayer was dissolved by liquid inter metal. Liquid insert metal was eliminated by isothermal solidification which was controlled by the diffusion of B into the base metal. The solid phases in the bonded interlayer grew epitaxially from the base metal near the bonded interlayer inward the insert metal during the isothermal solidification. The number of grain boundaries farmed at the bonded interlayer corresponded with those of base metal. At the mixing ratio above $60wt\%$, the base metal powder melted only at the surface of the powder and the amount of the base metal dissolution was also less at the initial time. Nuclear of solids firmed not only from the base metal near the bonded interlayer but also from the remained base metal powder in the bonded interlayer. Finally, the polycrystal in the bonded interlayer was formed when the isothermal solidification finished. When the isothermal solidification was finished, the contents of the elements in the boned interlayer were approximately equal to those of the base metal. Cr-W borides and Cr-W-Ta-Ti borides formed in the base metal near the bonded interlayer. And these borides decreased with the increasing of holding time.