• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.405-410
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• 2018

Stroke is a leading cause of death in the Korean population and remains a major health burden worldwide. The two main pathologic types of stroke are ischemic stroke and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), but comparisons of risk factors for these have been limited. We under took a nationwide population-based study to analyze the relationship between these risk factor sand ischemic stroke and ICH. From January 2003 to December 2013, a total of 37,561 patients with newly diagnosed ischemic stroke or ICH were identified using the National Health Insurance Service data base as the study population. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between baseline risk factors and presentation with ICH versus ischemic stroke. The incidence of ischemic stroke showed an increasing rend every year, while there was no significant change in the incidence of ICH. Of the several risk factors associated with stroke, old age (OR 2.35, 95% CI 2.12~2.49, P < 0.001) was more closely associated with ischemic stroke than ICH, whereas renal disease (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.55~0.99, P = 0.04) and carotid disease (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.17~0.35, P < 0.001) were more strongly associated with ICH. In addition, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, ischemic heart disease and male sex was associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke. Old age was more strongly associated with ischemic stroke than ICH, while carotid stenosis and renal impairment were more closely associated with ICH risk. Classic risk factors for stroke have considerably different associations with the two main pathologic types of stroke.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2008

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the seasonal variation in stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, stroke risk factors and Sasang constitutions. Methods: 226 patients with acute stroke within 14 days onset were included, who were admitted to Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center from November 2005 to October 2006. The year was subdivided into four parts: spring (March-May); summer (June-August); fall (September-November); and winter (December-February). Stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, stroke risk factors and Sasang constitutions in the four groups were examined. Results: Ischemic stroke was most frequent in summer, whereas hemorrhagic stroke was most frequent in winter. There was no significant difference in seasonal variation of stroke. The frequency of ischemic heart disease among stroke risk factors was significantly high in spring (p=0.031). The frequency of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, and hyperlipidemia did not differ among seasons. There was no significant difference in Sasang constitution among seasons. Frequency of small vessel occlusion was highest in summer. Large artery atherosclerosis was frequent in spring and summer,but seasonal variation of ischemic stroke subtypes did not show statistical difference. Conclusion: Acute stroke demonstrates seasonal characteristics according to stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, risk factors for stroke, and Sasang constitutions. These results have important clinical implications in stroke prevention.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2 s.70
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• pp.241-246
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• 2007

Objectives : This study investigated stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, risk factors for stroke, stroke complications and Sasang constitutions in two groups divided by age according to the weakness of shingi (shenqi): younger (40 to 63 years) and older (= 64 years). Methods : 165 male patients with acute stroke within 14 days onset were included, who were admitted to Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center from October 2005 to May 2007. Stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, risk factors for stroke, stroke complications and Sasang constitutions in two age groups were examined. Results : Mean ages were $53.01{\pm}6.16$ and $70.95{\pm}6.37$ years for the younger 77 patients and older 88 subjects, respectively. There were no significant differences in stroke type, ischemic stroke subtypes, stroke complications and Sasang constitutions. Current smoking was more frequent in the younger age group (P= 0.005). Conclusion : Age does not seem to influence stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, stroke risk factors (except current smoking), stroke complications or Sasang constitutions.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2006

The Sasang constitutional medicine classifies the mankind into four constitutional types according to the individual psychological and physical traits. Differences in the Sasang constitutional medicine may be explained by the genetic factors. In order to determine the association of Sasang constitutional classification and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke, we classified the four constitutional types in ischemic stroke patients (n = 125) and the healthy control subjects (n = 107), and genotyped for IL-1Ra polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The distribution of the $IL1RN^*1/IL1RN^*2$ genotype in the ischemic stroke patients was significantly different from the healthy controls (OR = 6.09; P =0.0134). And the prevalence of $IL1RN^*1/IL1RN^*2$ genotype was increased in Taeum-in ischemic stroke patients, as compared to Taeum-in healthy controls (OR = 14.71; P = 0.0144). These results suggest that $IL1RN^*1/IL1RN^*2$ genotype in Taeum-in might be associated with the increasing risk for ischemic stroke. Furthermore, this relationship could provide the basis for a new approach in the investigation of the etiology of ischemic stroke.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.8-12
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• 2007

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the circadian variation in stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, and Sasang constitutions. Methods : 295 patients with acute stroke within 14 days onset were included, who were admitted to Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center from October 2005 to May 2007. The stroke onset time was subdivided into four groups of 6-hour intervals in a day. Stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, and Sasang constitutions in four groups were examined. Results : Most ischemic stroke occurred between 6:01-12:00 hours (30.2%). For ischemic stroke subtypes, the peak period of small-vessel occlusion was between 6:01-12:00 hours (33.2%), large-artery atherosclerosis was most common between 12:01-18:00 hours (39.5%), and cardiac embolism was most frequent between 18:01-24:00 hours (50%). In terms of Sasang constitution, Soyeumin and Taeyeumin were most common between 6:01-12:00 hours (36.4% versus 41.5%, respectively), but the peak time of Soyangin was between 12:01-18:00 hours (35.2%). Conclusion :Most ischemic stroke events occurred in the mid-to-late morning hours in the present study and there was a circadian variation of onset in ischemic stroke subtypes and Sasang constitution.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

Objectives : This study investigated stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, risk factors for stroke, stroke complications and Sasang constitutions in both sexes. Methods : 307 patients with acute stroke within 14 days onset were included, who were admitted to Kyunghee Oriental Medical Center from October 2005 to May 2007. Stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, risk factors for stroke, stroke complications and Sasang constitutions in both sexes were examined. Results : Mean age was higher among women than men (64.82${\pm}$10.21 years versus 62.18${\pm}$11.52 years for the 137 female and 170 male patients, respectively, p=0.037). There were no significant differences in stroke type, ischemic stroke subtypes, or stroke risk factors except smoking and Sasang constitutions. Current smoking was more frequent in male patients (p<0.001). Stroke complications, especially urinary tract infection (UTI), were significantly more common in women (p=0.002). Conclusion : Sex does not seem to influence stroke types, ischemic stroke subtypes, or stroke risk factors except current smoking and Sasang constitutions. UTI should be taken into consideration to manage female stroke patients. Smoking cessation is indicated to prevent stroke in men.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.3 s.71
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• pp.216-231
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• 2007

Objectives : Chengsimyeunja-eum and Sunghyangjungi-san are prescriptions used for cerebral infarction clinically; it is known that these formulas reduce ischemic damage. According to previous research data, controlling certain types of glucose is considered to decrease the risk of cerebral infarction. Based on this fact, we investigated the effects of Chengsimyeunja-eum and Sunghyangjungi-san extracts on reperfusion following ischemic damage to diabetic rats, the change of c-FOS and Bax positive neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex and protein through immunohistochemical methods, changes of serum glucose level, serum triglyceride level, and hepatic glucokinase activity. Methods : We induced ischemic damaged in diabetic rats, and the rats were administered Chengsimyeunja-eum and Sunghyangjungi-san extracts. Results : Chengsimyeunja-eum demonstrated significant decrease of c-Fos positive neurons in both hippocampus and cerebral cortex as well as a significant decrease of Bax positive neurons in hippocampus after ischemic damage on diabetic rats and decrease of serum glucose level after ischemic damage on diabetic rats. Sunghyangjungi-san demonstrated significant decreases of c-Fos and Bax positive neurons in both hippocampus and cerebral cortex after ischemic damage on diabetic rats. Conclusions : Chengsimyeunja-eum, effect on glucose level control, has a remarkable effect of protection of neurons not effective on glucose level. Sunghyangjungi-san showed neuroprotective effect through preventing neuronal cell death.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.157-164
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• 2013

Although stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, preventive or therapeutic options are still limited. Therefore, a better understanding of the pathophysiological characteristics of this life-threatening disease is urgently needed. The incidence and prevalence of ischemic stroke are increased by exposure to certain types of xenobiotics, including heavy metals, suggesting the possible toxicological contribution of these compounds to the onset or aggravation of stroke. Among the potential targets, we have focused on alterations to cerebral endothelial cells (CECs), which play important roles in maintaining the functional integrity of brain tissue.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.39-41
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• 2005

The population of diabetes is continuously increasing because of the economic development and the lifestyle modification. If diabetes become chronic condition, it can cause various complications. Among many other complications, diabetic foot is the most fatal issue since it may require amputation of the legs. Diabetic foot has three different types such as neuropathic, neuro-ischemic and ischemic. Among these types, patients of neuropathic foot experience sensory abnormality. Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) is used for diagnosing neuropathic foot but this method uses strong electric stimulus to cause severe pain to the patients In this study, two channel photo-plethysmography was used as noninvasive screening tool for distinguish neuropathic foot and normal group by observing blood flow of both finger and toe simultaneously.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.299-303
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• 2015

Panax ginseng is a well-known economic medical plant that is widely used in Chinese traditional medicine. This species contains a unique class of natural products-ginsenosides. Recent clinical and experimental studies have presented numerous lines of evidence on the promising role of ginsenosides on different diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and certain types of cancer. Nowadays, most of the attention has focused on ginsenoside Rd as a neuroprotective agent to attenuate ischemic stroke damages. Some of the evidence showed that ginsenoside Rd ameliorates ischemic stroke-induced damages through the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation. Ginsenoside Rd can prolong neural cells' survival through the upregulation of the endogenous antioxidant system, phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 pathways, preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential, suppression of the nuclear factor-kappa B, transient receptor potential melastatin, acid sensing ion channels 1a, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, protein tyrosine kinase activation, as well as reduction of cytochrome c-releasing and apoptosis-inducing factor. In the current work, we review the available reports on the promising role of ginsenoside Rd on ischemic stroke. We also discuss its chemistry, source, and the molecular mechanism underlying this effect.