• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.113-119
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• 2003

The association between apolipoprotein E (apo E) gene polymorphism and ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD) has been controversial. These controversies may be due to inaccurate classification of patients and ethnic differences. We investigated the association between apo E genotypes and ICVD patients by case-control study in a Korean population. The association between apo E polymorphism and ICVD was examined in 121 patients with ICVD and 132 controls without ICVD. The E3/E4 phenotype was more frequent in control subjects (23.8％) than in patients (13.0％) (p<0.05). The E2/E3 phenotype was more frequent in patients (14.8％) than in control subjects (10.8％), but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). These results suggest that the E4 allele may be a protective factor against early vascular morbidity, and the E2 allele may be a risk factor for cerebrovascular morbidity.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.391-396
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to present basic research data to utilize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with analyzing intracerebral regional distributions of ischemic cerebrovascular disease of middle aged and oldest-old aged people. We retrospectively analyzed middle-aged group (average age of 44.2 year-old, 43 males, 26 females) and oldest-old aged group (average age of 84.7 year-old, 58 males, 71 females) who taken MRI screening for ischemic cerebrovascular disease from May 2006 year to January 2008 year. The intracerebral vascular were classified into 8 vessels, which anterior communication artery (ACoA), posterior communication artery (PCoA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), internal carotid artery (ICA), common carotid artery(CCA), and basilar artery (BA). The result of middle-aged group showed that more ischemic cerebrovascular diseases appeared in men than women, and it affected in MCA mostly. In oldest-old aged group, ischemic cerebrovascular diseases occurred evenly spaced in intracerebral region of right, left, and both vessels, and women have more than men. For men, the most occurred in ICA and for women the most occurred in MCA. Specially middle-aged group in men showed that more ischemic cerebrovascular diseases in MCA appeared than oldest-old aged group in men. It is suggested that the analysis on ischemic cerebrovascular could be helpful in the clinical diagnosis and treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.17-23
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• 2007

Background: Cerebrovascular diseases are known to show different patterns of incidence among regions and races. Therefore, it is very important to determine the incidence pattern of a specific area in order to diagnose, treat and prevent cerebrovascular diseases. The objective of the present study is to analyze quantitatively the incidence ratios of hemorrhagic and ischemic cerebrovascular diseases by season, by gender and by age. Methods: The subjects of this study were 1603 patients hospitalized for hemorrhagic or ischemic cerebrovascular diseases at the Department of Neurosurgery or the Department of Neurology of a University Hospital. Statistical analysis of data used Excel 2003 of Microsoft, and t-test was conducted using ORIGIN 6.0 of MICROCAL. Results: In the subjects, the incidence ratios of hemorrhagic and ischemic cerebrovascular diseases for four years, the period of this research, were 38.55% and 61.45%, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of age when hemorrhagic cerebrovascular diseases occurred were 58.20 and 12.60, respectively, and the percentages of subjects in their 40s, 50s, 60s and 70s were all around 20%. On the contrary, the mean and standard deviation of age when ischemic cerebrovascular diseases occurred were 65.01 and 13.59, respectively. The average age of patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases was older than that of patients with hemorrhagic brain diseases, and the percentages of those in their 60s, 70s and 80s were 15.53%, 37.06% and 27.72%, respectively. The season when hemorrhagic cerebrovascular diseases appeared most frequently was winter, which was followed by summer, spring and autumn. The season when hemorrhagic cerebrovascular diseases appeared most frequently was spring, which was followed by summer, winter and autumn. Conclusions: In this study, the incidence rates of hemorrhagic and ischemic cerebrovascular diseases were 38.55% and 61.45%, showing the rising percentage of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. For making adequate prevention and disease control plans, it is considered necessary to make a long-term epidemiological investigation of cerebrovascular diseases.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

Single photon emission computed tomography(SPECT) and positron emission tomography(PET) are modern imaging techniques that allow for both qualitative and quantitative assessment of hemodynamic changes in cerebrovascular diseases. SPECT has been becoming an indispensable method to investigate regional cerebral blood flow because equipment and isotope are easily available in most general hospitals. Acetazolamide stress SPECT has also been proved to be useful to evaluate the cerebrovascular reserve of occlusive cerebrovascular diseases and to select surgical candidate. PET has gained wide spread clinical use in the evaluation of the hemodynamic and metabolic consequences of extracranial or intracranial arterial obstructive disease despite its complexity and limited availability. PET has been established as an invaluable tool in the pathophysilogy investigation of acute ischemic stroke. The potentials, limitations, and clinical applications of SPECT and PET in various cerebrovascular diseases will be discussed in this article with reviews of literatures.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.36-42
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• 2004

Objective : Glutathione S-transferase polymorphism (GST) were examined in 120 cases with ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD) to test the hyperthesis that GST polymorphisms confer a risk to an individual to develop ICVD. Tobacco smoking is a major cause of both cancer and vascular disease. Methods : therefore We were stratified the subjects with ICVD for smoking status, and then examined whether polymorphisms in this detoxification enzyme gene, GST, influence risk of ICVD Results : Neither GSTM1 nor GSTT1 genotypes in the ICVD group was significantly different from the control group (n=207), even in smokers. We attempted the combined analyses for GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes in ICVD for smoking status. No significant association observed between the combined genotypes and ICVD Conclusion : Our observation do not confirm the effect of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes as a risk factor for ICVD, even in smokers.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.14-20
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of obesity with medical care use and costs according to overall diseases, cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). The final sample was a group of persons who were free of diseases mentioned above and were not underweight. Their baseline screening program data and health insurance contribution data were connected with a 7-year medical claim database. The participants were classified according to their baseline BMI into normal, overweight, obese, and severely obese groups. Given the disease type, the total costs of DM showed the largest difference in each obesity group in both males and females. Also, the pharmacy costs for DM were more relevant than any other type of service to the obesity level. Considering the high prevalence of obesity and the relevantly increased medical care use and costs, there is a need for reduction in medical costs through obesity prevention efforts.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.87-97
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• 2003

Cerebrovascular disease in children is more common than once recognized and the etiology and prognosis of the disease in children are quite different from those of adults. In Korea, the most common cause of stroke is moyamoya disease in ischemic stroke, arteriovenous malformation in hemorrhagic stroke. We experienced two cases of ischemic stroke in childhood whose symptoms are similar to that of adults. They had cerebrovascular malformation(narrowing of ICA, MCA, basilar artery). we treated them with herb medicine, acupuncture treatment, laser acupuncture treatment and physical treatment. After treatment, they recovered from the stroke symptoms, but the primary cause of stroke was not eliminated, so it is thought that more follow up is needed. We report that we had good effects of oriental medical treatment on two case of cerebral infarction in children.

• Proceedings of the KSMRM Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.169-169
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• 2001

Purpose： To assess the clinical usefulness of Transfer Insensitive Labeling Technique (TILT) in t evaluation of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Method： Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a method of perfusion weighted imaging usin endogenous water as a tracer. To avoid MT-related artifacts, which is common in usual A technique, a transfer insensitive labeling technique (TILT) was used, which globall manipulate macromolecular spins in the same way by both labeling and reference preparatio while free water is labeled in one case and left unchanged in the other. Philips Interal 1.5 T system was used. 40cm FOV and 32 repeated measurements were done because of the wea perfusion signal. 5 slices of supratentorial brain were obtained in 5 patients ｛MCA infar (n=3), moyamoya disease (n=2)｝. We simultaneously obtained contrast enhanced T2＊-weighted perfusion MRI and correlate to TILT images.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.102-112
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• 2003

The homozygous deletion allele of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACF/DD), homozygous threonine allele of the angiotensinogen gene (AGN/TT), and the 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (apoE/4) are reported to be associated with ischemic heart disease. Ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD) is another atherosclerotic disease, and the effects of these polymorphisms on ICVD have been confusing. In this study, I investigated whether ACF/DD, AGN/TT, and apoE/4 genotypes are associated with ICVD and whether genetic risk is enhanced by the effect of one upon another. I ascertained these genotypes in patients with ICVD (n=121) diagnosed by brain computed tomography. Control subjects for the ICVD were randomly selected from subjects matched for age, gender, and history of hypertension with patients. Frequency of ACF/DD genotype was somewhat higher in the patients with ICVD than in the controls (18％ vs. 15％). Incidence of ICVD was higher in subjects with the apoE/4/4 genotype than in the other genotypes (50％ vs. 27-29％). Incidence of ICVD was much higher in subjects with the AGN/TT genotype than in AGN/MM genotype (36％ vs. 17％). Furthermore, the AGN/TT genotype greatly increased the relative risk for ICVD in the subjects with ACF/DD genotype (80.0％ vs. 20.0％, P=0.089). Finally, incidence of ICVD was much higher in the subjects with both apoE/2/4 and AGN/TT genotype than in the other genotypes (83.3％ vs. 16.7％, P=O.095). These results suggest that AGN/TT enhances the risk for ICVD associated with ACF/DD and apoE/2/4.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to utilize Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) to analyze intracerebral regional distributions (hot spot) of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases which were characterized by stenosis and occlusion cerebral vasculature, except for cerebrovascular diseases induced by rupture of cerebral vasculature in terms of Korean people's cerebrovascular diseases, so that it could apply the findings of analysis to clinical practices. This study focused only on analyzing intracerebral regional distributions of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases that are characterized by stenosis and occlusion cerebral vasculature, because there are different etiologic mechanisms of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases like hemorrhagic cerebrovascular diseases (caused by rupture of cerebral vasculature) and cerebral infarction (induced by atheromatous arteriosclerosis). As a result, this study could come to the following findings of analysis: 1. According to sex ratio analysis, it was found that male group comprised larger portion of total 626 subjects in this study than female one (55.0% > 45.0%). 2. According to analysis on actual intracerebral regional distributions of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, it was found that most subjects (37.5 %) were attacked by such diseases on the right side of cerebral vasculature, which was followed by left side of cerebral vasculature (35.1%) and bilateral cerebral vasculature (27.3%) respectively. 3. According to analysis on actual intracerebral regional distributions of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, it was found that internal carotid artery (ICA) comprised the largest portion (38.9%) of those distributions, which was followed by middle cerebral artery (MCA, 35.7%), posterior cerebral artery (PCA, 13.4%), anterior cerebral artery (ACA, 6.0%) and vertebral artery (VA, 3.3%) respectively. 4. It was found that there was no subject attacked by any disease on A-com region, and there was only one male subject attacked by cerebrovascular diseases on P-com region. 5. It was found that female group was more susceptible to the attack of cerebrovascular diseases on MCA region than male one (54.6% > 42.2%), which means significant differences depending upon sex on statistical basis ($x^2$ = 9.64, p < .01). 6. It was found that male group was more susceptible to the attack of cerebrovascular diseases on ICA region (56.4% > 46.8%), which means significant differences depending upon sex on statistical basis ($x^2$ = 5.71, p < .05). 7. Moreover, it was also found that male group was more susceptible to the attack of cerebrovascular diseases on BA region (2.3% > 0.4%), which means significant differences depending upon sex on statistical basis ($x^2$ = 4.25, p < .05). 8. However, it was found that there was not any significant difference in intracerebral vasculature-specific distributions of cerebrovascular diseases depending on age of subjects, and stenosis comprised larger portion of cerebrovascular diseases than occlusion.