• KCID journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2007

In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was used to assess spatiotemporal effects on watershed runoff and sediment characteristics due to land uses changes from 1999 to 2002 at the small watershed, located in Chuncheon-si, Gangwon province. The annual average flow rate of Scenario I (long-term simulation using land use of 1990), II (long-term simulation using land use of 1996), III(long-term simulation using land use of 200) and IV(simulation using land use of 1990, 1995, and 2000) in long-term simulation) using the SWAT model were 29,997,043 m3, 29,992,628 m3, 29,811,191 m3 and 29,931,238 m3, respectively. It was shown that there was no significant changes in estimated flow rate because no significant changes in land uses between 1990 and 2000 were observed. The annual average sediment loads of Scenarios I, II, III and IV for 15 year period were 36,643 kg/ha, 45,340 kg/ha , 27,195 kg/ha and 35,545 kg/ha, respectively. The estimated annual sediment loads from Scenarios I, II, and III, were different from that from the scenario IV, considering spatio-temporal changes in land use and meterological changes over the years, by 10%, 127%, and temporal changes in land use and meterological changes over the years, by 10%, 127%, and 77%. This can be explained in land use changes in high soil erosion potential areas, such as upland areas, within the study watershed. The comparison indicates that changes in land uses upland areas, within the study watershed. The comparison indicates that changes in land uses can affect on sediment yields by more than 10%, which could exceed the safety factor of 10% in Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). It is, therefore, recommended that not only the temporal analysis with the weather input data but also spatial one with different land uses need to be considered in long-term hydrology and sediment simulating using the SWAT model

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.110-119
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• 2024

Background: The Mae Kha Canal is one of Chiang Mai's most important waterways. It supports local agriculture, irrigation, and transportation as well as provides stormwater drainage to prevent floods. Due to the unregulated rapid urbanization of the city and lack of efficient waste and wastewater management systems over the past few decades, the canal has become heavily polluted. This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of Mae Kha canal through assessment of the physico-chemical water quality and coliform bacteria. Moreover, benthic macroinvertebrates were samples and assessed using the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP^Thai) and Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT^Thai) as biological indices. Results: The physico-chemical showed low dissolved oxygen levels, high levels of ammonia and phosphates, and elevated levels of biochemical oxygen demand, indicating that the water quality had significantly deteriorated. The canal was found to be heavily polluted, with most sites falling into the polluted to very heavily polluted. Coliform bacteria analysis revealed alarmingly high levels of total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria in the canal. The BMWP^Thai and ASPT^Thai scores indicated poor to very poor water quality. Conclusions: The physico-chemical and coliform bacteria indicated that the water quality of the Mae Kha canal had significantly deteriorated. The biological indices also indicated the poor to very poor water quality. This study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive remediation efforts, emphasizing strategic planning, investment, and community engagement to revive the canal's ecological health and water quality.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2002

Pressure sores are an ulceration and necrosis of the skin and underlying tissue usually occur after prolonged or repeated pressure by interruption of blood flow from the small. vessels to the skin and deep tissue. The management of pressure sores is mostly difficult and requires prolonged hospitalization or repeated surgical interventions with a high recurrence rate. In this article we reviewed 14 cases of National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Pannel staging III, IV over the lateral malleolar area of the ankle in 2 years period from January 1999 to October 2001. The pressure over lateral malleolar area was mainly due to unique Korean sitting position with cross legs at flexed hips and knees or supine position of patient with external rotation of low extremity. Male to female ratio was 11: 3 and ages were between 36 and 83 (mean age: 67.1 years). Associated diseases were DM(7 cases), Hemiparesis caused by CVA(2 cases), Liver cirrhosis(2 cases), disarticulation of opposite hip due to squamous cell ca.(1 case), Intertrochanteric Fx.(1 case). Wound cultures reported Staphylococus, Pseudomonas and others. Abnormally elevated ESR and CRP were seen in 6 cases. Operative treatments were irrigation and debridement, direct closure with gravity drainage and skin grafting. The most important aspect of pressure sore treatment is pressure relief of the lateral malleolar area. Pressure-relieving Cast or Brace was helpful for local management and preventing recurrence.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.47-69
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to suggest strategies for vitalizing Jeju citrus export-specialized organization. To achieve the goal, the research has been focused on the establishment and standardization for fruit production practices that can keep a steady supply of high quality citrus fruit for export market, and followed by systematization of farms using the practices. According to the research findings, it is desirable that the high quality fruit production manual such as the Global GAP must be established, developed and prepared to train farm households. The establishment of the high quality fruit production manual is focused on the items as follows : 1) labor productivity enhancement by structural improvement of farm layout, 2) the practices for high-sugar-fruit production such as thinning out, irrigation and drainage system, and mulching with a poromeric sheet 3) productivity enhancement and quality improvement of fruit by cultivar improvement and virus-free nursery trees, 4) standardization of cultural practices throughout the citrus fruit production.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.15-25
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• 2018

The accident risk at the construction workplace associated with agricultural engineering is comparatively higher than those of other fields due mainly to its complex work types and processes. Agricultural engineering deals with a variety of agricultural infrastructures from irrigation and drainage facilities to giant-scale coastal reclamation land infrastructures. The characteristics that most agricultural projects have conducted on a small-scale even worsen the situation drawing low attentions to risk management. Therefore, systematical risk assessment that focuses on details of agricultural construction work process is required in order to enhance safety management capacity and to prevent repetitive accidents ultimately. This study aims to categorize construction work types and processes of agricultural construction works, and to quantitatively assess the accident risk of them based on accident analysis. Regarding classification of construction works, actual 827 accident cases were thoroughly reviewed and coded by their construction site, facility and work type, project scale and so on. Most accidents (71.8 % of total cases) occurred in small-scale construction workplaces with less than 5 billion Korean won project budget. And those accidents related to agricultural infrastructure project (37.4%) and agricultural water development project (22.4%). In terms of work types, accidents frequently took place in form-work followed by pipe installation work, steel bar work and concrete work. The potential risks were compared with actual outbreak of accidents based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results show that the potential conditions of accident expected to be took place is somewhat different from the actual conditions where accidents actually happened. This implicates that risk management manuals or education needs to be adjusted by reflecting unexpected circumstances. Overall, this study is meaningful in that the results could be foundations as to strengthen risk management capacity for agricultural engineering projects.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.79-83
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• 2009

Purpose: Avulsion injuries of digits have been presented for a long time as complex management problems. Despite of microsurgical advances, it is difficult to achieve good functional results and their management remains somewhat controversial. However, in a finger there are three transverse digital palmar arches. The middle and distal transverse digital palmar arches are consistently large(almost 1 mm) and may be used for arterial vessel repairs either proximally or distally, depending on the length and direction needed. 39-year-old man presented with avulsion amputation of the ulnar three digits, was operated using only arterial anastomosis with rerouting the transverse digital palmar arches. Methods: Replantation was performed using the artery-only technique. Because the digital arteries had been damaged, we did that the transverse digital palmar arches were transposed in an inverted Y to I configuration and were lengthened with rerouting them for the purpose of direct anastomosis of the digital artery. Venous drainage was provided by an external bleeding method with partial nail excision and external heparin irrigation. Results: The authors conclude that complete avulsion amputations with only soft tissue at the distal to insertion of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendon were salvageable with acceptable functional results. All three fingers survived. Conclusion: With technical advancements, the transverse digital palmar arches play an important role for finger amputation. Three digital palmar arches give us additional treatment option for the finger amputation. In this case, replantation with only-arterial anastomosis was successful and we obtained good aesthetic and functional outcome.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.82-84
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• 2003

Watershed boundaries and flow paths within the watershed are the most important factors required in watershed analysis. Most often the derivation of watershed boundaries and stream network and flow paths is based on topographical maps but spatial variation of flow direction is not clearly understandable using this method. Water resources projects currently use 1: 50, 000-scale ground survey or aerial photography-based topographical maps to derive watershed boundary and stream network. In basins, where these maps are not available or not accessible it creates a real barrier to watershed geo-spatial analysis. Such situations require the use of global datasets, like GTOPO30. Global data sets like ETOPO5, GTOPO30 are the only data sets, which can be used to derive basin boundaries and stream network and other terrain variations like slope aspects and flow direction and flow accumulation of the watershed in the absence of topographic maps. Approximately 1-km grid-based GTOPO 30 data sets can derive better outputs for larger basins, but they fail in flat areas like the Karkheh basin in Iran and the Amudarya in Uzbekistan. A new window in geo-spatial hydrology has opened after the launching of the space-borne satellite stereo pair of the Terra ASTER sensor. ASTER data sets are available at very low cost for most areas of the world and global coverage is expected within the next four years. The DEM generated from ASTER data has a reasonably good accuracy, which can be used effectively for hydrology application, even in small basins. This paper demonstrates the use of stereo pairs in the generation of ASTER DEMs, the application of ASTER DEM for watershed boundary delineation, sub-watershed delineation and explores the possibility of understanding the drainage flow paths in irrigation command areas. All the ASTER derived products were compared with GTOPO and 1:50,000-based topographic map products and this comparison showed that ASTER stereo pairs can derive very good data sets for all the basins with good spatial variation, which are equal in quality to 1:50,000 scale maps-based products.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.201-208
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• 2012

Wangsong Reservoir needs a systematic approach that can control water purity and water quality improvement. This study was carried out to assess the seasonal variation of water quality and the effect of pollutant being loaded from watershed in a sallow eutrophic reservoir(Wangsong Reservoir) from March to November, 2011. Wangsong Reservoir, located in Uiwang City, has the capacity of 2 million $m^{3}$ in irrigation water supply with the drainage of 4.2 $km^{2}$. Average concentrations of BOD, COD, T-N, T-P, and Chloropyll-a in Wangsong Reservoir were 5.8 mg/L, 9.7 mg/L, 4.299 mg/L, 0.106 mg/L and 73.1 mg/$m^{3}$, respectively. In the inflow streams and treated sewage of Wangsong Reservoir, the T-N concentrations of 4.114 - 14.619 mg/L were higher than those in the Reservoir and the other pollutants were lower. As a result of investigation, Wangsong Reservoir exceeded the agricultural water standard level due to algal growth and accumulation from the upper streams and sewage. In order to achieve the targeted water quality in Wangsong Reservoir, it is required to be decreased in pollutants of internal and inflow streams.

• KCID journal
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.33-42
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• 2011

Climate change has impacts on not only the average temperature rise but also the intensity and frequency of extreme events such as flood and drought. It is also expected that the damages on agricultural infrastructure will be increased resulting from increased rainfall intensity and frequency caused by climate change. To strengthen the climate change adaptation capacity, it is necessary to identify the vulnerability of a given society's physical infrastructures and to develop appropriate adaptation strategies with infrastructure management because generally facilities related to human settlements are vulnerable to climate changes and establishing an adaptive public infrastructure would reduce the damages and the repair cost. Therefore, development of mitigation strategies for agricultural infrastructure against climatic hazard is very important, but there are few studies on agricultural infrastructure vulnerability assessment and adaptation strategies. The concept of vulnerability, however, is difficult to functionally define due to the fact that vulnerability itself includes many aspects (biological, socioeconomic, etc.) in various sectors. As such, much research on vulnerability has used indicators which are useful for standardization and aggregation. In this study, for the vulnerability assessment for agricultural infrastructure, 3 categories of climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation capacity were defined which are composed of 16 sub-categories and 49 proxy variables. Database for each proxy variables was established based on local administrative province. Future studies are required to define the weighting factor and standardization method to calculate the vulnerability indicator for agricultural infrastructure against climate change.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.79-97
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• 2010

The purpose of this research is to apply the neural networks models for the hydrologic disaggregation of the yearly pan evaporation(PE) data in Republic of Korea. The neural networks models consist of multilayer perceptron neural networks model(MLP-NNM) and support vector machine neural networks model(SVM-NNM), respectively. And, for the evaluation of the neural networks models, they are composed of training and test performances, respectively. The three types of data such as the historic, the generated, and the mixed data are used for the training performance. The only historic data, however, is used for the testing performance. The application of MLP-NNM and SVM-NNM for the hydrologic disaggregation of nonlinear time series data is evaluated from results of this research. Four kinds of the statistical index for the evaluation are suggested; CC, RMSE, E, and AARE, respectively. Homogeneity test using ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test, furthermore, is carried out for the observed and calculated monthly PE data. We can construct the credible monthly PE data from the hydrologic disaggregation of the yearly PE data, and the available data for the evaluation of irrigation and drainage networks system can be suggested.