• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.78-80
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• 2021

A noctuid moth, Condica dolorosa (Walker, 1865) was newly recorded from Korea. Condica dolorosa can be distinguished by the blackish forewing that shows irregular yellowish dots on the ante- and postmedian and a large pale yellowish dot at dorsum, and yellowish white discal dot with renal marking, and the basally whitish hindwing. Externally, Condica dolorosa is similar to C. cyclicoides but can be distinguished by the dark ochreous dots on dorsum of the forewing. The female genitalia of C. dolorosa are similar to those of C. cyclicoides but can be distinguished by the large bowl-shaped ostium bursae with a midventral invagination and the long ductus bursae. To date, five species of the genus Condica have been recorded in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.109-121
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• 1996

Histochemical experiment was carry out respectively to confirm the properties of the salis (Achatina fulica and Incilaria fruhstorferi). SDS-PAGE was carried out to compare and invertigate the distribution aspects of protein patterns between the two species. Five types(A, B, F, H and I)of gland cells with four neutral mucopolysaccharide cells and one acid mucopolysaccharide cells and one acid mucopolysaccharide cell were observed in acinous of Achatina fulica, while six types were observed in acinous of Incilaria fruhstorferi: ond acid mucopolysaccharide cell(type-A) and four neutral mucopolysaccharide cells(type-B, C, D and F) and one cell that acid mucopolysaccharide is only mimbrane that surrounded granule(type-E). The results are follows:The thpe-A fland cell is commonly observed between the two species. The type-A gland cell in Achatina fulica possesses a nucleus with a developed heterdchromatin, and the cytoplasm was filled with round granules. The granules were surrounded with an uncertain boundary mimbrane and confirmed with neutral mucopolysaccharides, but is confirmed acid mucopolysaccharide in Incilaria fruhstorferi.The type-B gland cell is obwerved in the two species, too. The type-B gland cell in Achatina fulica was round shaped, and included an evenly alrge nucleus. The uncleoplasm included granules that were confirmed in the neutral mucopolysaccharides of the two species. The type-C and D gland cells exist only in Incilaria fruhstorferi, nucleoplasm was well developed heterochromatins. The type-E gland cell appears in the acinous surrounded the salivary gland of Incilaria fruhstorferi. Thdse granules appear irregular irregular shape and size and the cytoplasm is formed in alveolar. The type-F gland cells are commonly observed in the salivary glands of the two species. They are similar with the type-B gland cell, but the granular shape is comparatively small and irregular, and possess the neutral mucos granules. The type-H gland cells are mainly seen in only Achatina, and in nucleus is a well developed heterochromatin. The cytoplasm is filled with round small granules with acid mucopolysaccharide for alcianophilia observed. The type-I cell was small cell with an irregular shape and only observed in the gland cells of Achatina fulica. The heterochromatins were developed in the nucleus and the granules are not observed in cytoplasm.Secretory ducts of saliva are composed of the interlobular duct and interlobar secretory duct. In Achatina fulica the interlobular duct consists of a simple cuboidal epithelium, while the endothelium of intralobar secretory duct of Incilaria fruhstorferi consists of a simple squamous epithelium and in the cytoplasm is filled with granules(type-G secretory cell). A SDS-PAGE was carried out to confirm that the protein band pattern consist of salivary gland. In conclusions, five more bands in Achatina fulica and three bands in Incilaria fruhstorferi were confirmed in MW<29 kDa. one main band coincides comparatively with both and is between 29-45 kDa. There are four main bands in Achatina fulica and two main bands in Incilaria fruhstorferi between 45-66.5 kDa respectively. The bands in Achatina fulica seem more complex than in incilaria fruhstorferi.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 2002

The main cause factor for effective the output, especially in small & irregular shaped field of electron beam therapy, are collimation system, insert block diameter and energy. In the absorption deose of treatment fields, we should consider the lateral build-up ratio (LBR), which the ratio of dose at a point at depth for a given circular field to the dose at the same point for a 'broad-field', for the same incident fluence and profile. The LBR data for a small circular field are used to extract radial spread of the pencil beam, ${\sigma}$, as a function of depth and energy. It's based on elementary pencil beam. We consider availability of the factor, ${\sigma}$, in the small & irregular fields electron beam treatment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.375-384
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• 2008

This study was performed to establish the discrimination of the corpus albicans that were formed after normal parturition and abortion in Holstein, The corpus albicans were obtained from 504 cows and 506 heifers slaughtered in the Agricultural Cooperative's Livestock Products Joint Market of Seoul City from March 2007 to October 2007. The difference in a gross examination (morphology, fibrogenesis, deposit state, color, and size) among the fixtures that exist in their ovaries was investigated. All of the cows had corpus albicans in their ovaries: 423 cows (83.9%) had less than three corpus albicans, 81 (16.1%) had more than four. In the heifers, however, 463 (91.05%) had no corpus albicans, 39 (7.7%) had one, and four (0.8%) had more than two. In the types of corpus albicans 73.2% of the cows had oval-type, 14.4% had circular-shaped, 12.4% had irregular-type. In the aborted heifers, however, oval-type appeared in 88.6% and circular-shaped appeared in 11.4%, and no irregular-type was found. There was no significant difference in the fibrogenesis and size of corpus albicans between cows and aborted heifers. However, slight difference in the color of the corpus albicans was observed between two types. In conclusion, it is not easy to discriminate by gross examination of ovary between cows and aborted heifers in the slaughter house.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 2007

This study was designed to evaluate radiosurgery technique using multiple noncoplanar arc therapy with intensity modulated fine MLC shaped photon beam. The stereotactic radiosurgery was performed with 6-MV X-ray beams from a Clinac 21EX LINAC (Varian, Palo Alto, CA, USA) with a MLC-120, which features a full $40{\times}40cm$ field and is the first MLC for general use that offers 0.5 cm resolution for high precision treatment of small and irregular fields. We used a single isocenter and five gantry-couch combinations with a set of intensity modulated arc therapy. We investigated dosimetric characteristics of 2 cm sized spherical target volume with film (X-OMAT V2 film, Kodak Inc, Rochester NY, USA) dosimetry within $25{\times}25cm$ acrylic phantom. A simulated single isocentric treatment using inversely Planned 3D radiotherapy planning system demonstrated the ability to conform the dose distribution to an spherical target volume. The 80% dose level was adequate to encompass the target volume in frontal, sagittal, and transverse planes, and the region between the 40% and 80% isodose lines was $4.0{\sim}4.5mm$ and comparable to the dose distribution of the Boston Arcs. We expect that our radiosurgery technique could be a treatment option for irregular-shaped large intracranial target.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.221-232
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• 1993

Morphological changes in the uterine and vaginal epithelial cells of the Korean native goats were studied in fifteen primiparous goats slaughtered on the day of parturition and on days 1, 3, 10 and 21 postpartum. 15 uterus and vagina from goats were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follows : 1. Transmission electron microscopically, long microvilli which sometimes ramified were found until 10 days postpartum, while short microvilli were found at 21 days. The high electron dense irregular-shaped mitochondria were found in the cytoplasm and the crystalline structure of the mitochondrial matrix was also found from 1 day to 10 days postpartum. Well-developed rough-endoplasmic reticulum (rER) with dilated cisternae which contained the proteins materials was observed at 21 days postpartum. These materials were fused each other and then large granules were found in the free surface of the cytoplasm. A few lipid droplets were generally appeared in the cytoplasm, while numerous droplets were found at 21 days postpartum. A moderate number of ribosomes, a few multivesicular bodies, vesicles, lysosomes and macrophages were found. The globule leucocytes were observed from 0 to 3 days postpartum by transmission electron microscopy. The short microvilli, high electron dense cytoplasm and severe indentation of the nuclear enbelope were found in the vaginal epithelium. Numerouos small vesicles and a few vacuoles were observed in the apical cytoplasmic portion of the epithelium. A few mitochondria were high electron dense and irregular in shape. A moderate amounts of microfilaments, loose intercellular space and dilated rER were also found at 21 days postpartum. 2. Scanning electron microscopically, the folds of the uterine mucosa were generally deep. The long microvilli of the epithelium were found until 3 days postpartum, while short microvili were found at 10 and 21 days postpartum. The distinct intercellular boundary was seen. The apporcine secretory profile of the epithelium observed at between 3 and 10 days postpartum and the cells were somewhat protruded into the lumen. The short microvilli were found on the surface of the protruded cells, while polygonal microridge profile of the epithelium and some dome-shaped epithelium were also observed at 21 days postpartum. The folds of the vaginal mucosa were deep and epithelium was polygonal in shape. The microvilli of the epithelium were long until 3 days postpartum, while they were short at 10 and 21 days. The polygonal epithelium was invaginated into the center of the cell surface until 10 days postpartum. The microridge and dome in shape of the epithelium were found at 10 days postpartum, while the polygonal and exfoliating epithelium were observed at 21 days.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.12-26
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• 2014

This study has researched the forms of arrangement and use of the oddly shaped stones which were used at palaces during Joseon Dynasty based on arrangements of stones as shown in Donggwoldo(東闕圖), and tried to identify its special features. The sorts of stone's arrangements which set formal patterns by assisting an axis in Donggwoldo can be classified as the single type using one stone, the symmetrical type using 2 stones symmetrically and the parallel type using 3 or more stones. The single type was used to endow a focal point and to accent centrality by arranging a stone on the axis performed from formal shaped buildings. The symmetrical type was used to show order and hierarchy by placing two odd-shaped stones on either side of a building. And the parallel type which is arranged three stones side by side, is put a middle stone on the central axis line to determine strong directional and frontality. Also similarity to method of arrangement of stones can be found from planting trees in a prominent way for scenery or planting trees symmetrically. Stones and trees can be chosen according to nature and scale of places and basically their effects of formation of axis and creating typical space is same. Based on these respect, the characteristics of arrangement of stones shown in Donggwoldo can be briefly summarized as follows. First, the oddly shaped stones were used by creating a centripetal space in order to show a grade of rank. Second, the distances among stones could be adjusted to the sizes of the architecture which was at the center. The aim was to provide stability through the balanced composition between the central axis and symmetrical structures. Third, the form of regularity was added by using stone vase in consideration of irregular shape of stone causing interference in forming regular symmetry. Fourth, a centrality was emphasized by adding change to central stones in the parallel type used 3 erect stones. Fifth, the sizes of stone were limited in order to make smooth for the mix and adjustment of its position with the types of other garden ornaments, so the oddly shaped stones in palace have portability. Sixth, the oddly shaped stones in palace which were appreciated as inspirational object basically were a sculpture of the same quality with suiseki (壽石), and the appreciative method, the composition and shape had developed in the same texture. Finally, the even number of stones by parallel type were arranged by equal partition. But odd number of stones followed the method with symmetrical arrangement on its center stone. These principles of stone arrangement are judged as distinguishing methods which oddly shaped stones was made and used in Joseon palaces.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.269-274
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• 2018

In the middle of May 2018, typical red thread disease symptoms were observed on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) on a golf course, which locates at Yangsan, Gyeongnam province in Korea. Irregular-shaped patched symptoms were observed in fairway of golf course. The foliar symptom was dried out and faded to straw color and tip of the grass leaves were tangled like thread. Early morning, infected and tangled leaves were covered with the pinkish gelatinous antler-like structure (sclerotinia) as a typical red thread disease symptom. Causal fungal pathogens were isolated from the symptom in Kentucky bluegrass. The fungal culture characteristic on potato dextrose agar color of colony was pale pink and conjugated hyphae, sclerotium of irregular shape was pale pink and 3~5mm diameter in size. The pathogen was identified as Laetisaria fuciformis based on morphological and culture characteristics as well as molecular characteristics. Pathogenicity test was verified on the Kentucky bluegrass by Koch's postulates. This is the first report of red thread disease occurrence in Kentucky bluegrass by L. fuciformis in Korea.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.537-544
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• 2013

The present study was performed to observe histopathological changes in tissues of Bithynia siamensis goniomphalos (Gastropoda, Bithyniidae) incubated in crude extract solutions of camellia (Camellia oleifera) seed and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) pericarp, and furthermore to estimate the molluscicidal effects of 2 plant substances. Substantial numbers of bithyniid snails were incubated in various concentrations of 2 plant solution for 24 hr. As the positive control, snails incubated in various concentrations of niclosamide, a chemical molluscicide, were used. The histopathological findings were observed in sectioned snail specimens of each experimental and control groups. The results showed that both camellia and mangosteen extracts had molluscicidal effects at 24 hr with 50% lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) at concentrations of 0.003 and 0.002 g/ml, respectively, while niclosamide had $LC_{50}$ at concentrations 0.599 ppm. B. siamensis goniomphalos snail tissues (foot, gill, and digestive system) showed disruption of columnar muscle fibers of the foot, reduction of the length and number of gill cilia, numerous mucous vacuoles, and irregularly shaped of epithelial cells. Irregular apical and calciferous cells, dilatation of the digestive gland tubule, and large hemolymphatic spaces, and irregular apical surfaces, detachment of cilia, and enlargement of lysosomal vacuoles of epidermis were also shown in all groups. By the present study, it is confirmed that 2 plants, camellia and mangosteen, are keeping some substance having molluscicidal effects, and histopathological findings obtained in this study will provide some clues in further studies on their action mechanisms to use them as natural molluscicides.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.400-409
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• 1996

A study on the ultrastructural changes In the epithellum of the vas deferens by season was conducted for the spdng and summer specimens of a slug Incilarfa fruhstoiferl. The vas deferens of the spdng spedmen was muscular tube about 0.4mm in diameter. Its lumen was divided into three flat grooves and the each groove was subdivided into two subbranches. The luminal epithellal celis of the Vas deferens which were irregular In shape showed strong methylenophilla in a double stain of methylene blue and basic fuchsln. The lumen of the vas deferens was filled with components strongly stained by methylene blue. The circular muscle layers surrounding the luminal epithellum of the vas deferens contained numerous granules arranged at regular intervals. The vas deferens of the summer specimen also was a thick muscular tube showing 0.4 mm in diameter. Its lumen was divided into four grooves but, the each of the grooves was not subdivided to form certain branclees unlikely to the spdng spedmen. The lining epfthelium of the lumen was consisted of simple ciliated columnar cells, irregular columnar cells and conical cells. The histological features were quiet different from those of the spring spedmen which showed irregular cell arrangement. According to electron microscopy the epithelium of the vas deferens in the spring specimen was composed of irregular columnar cells which had irregular shaped nuclei. The nuclei of the epitheilal cells were relatively large in comparison to their cytoplasm. The overall electric density of the cytoplasm was relatively high. The lumen of the vas deferens in the summer specimen was lined by a epfthelium with tail ciliated columnar cells and irregular cells. The unclei of the epithellal cells were long ellipsoid or irregular in shape. Both of the cytoplasm and the nuclei were showed low electric density. in consideration with the observable cell organelles were only ndoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes and microtutules, the cell organelles were poorly developed. The apical surfaces of the epithelial cells possessed brush borders with numerous microvilli and cilia with 9+2 arrangement of microtubules. The circular muscle layers surrounding the epithelium are usually thick and the degree of development of the circular muscle layers seems to be even in the both of the spring and summer specimens.