• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.30 no.11
• /
• pp.891-905
• /
• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the plants in Yongjibong Natural Recreation Forest before construction, to provide basic data that can be used for various purposes. The survey was conducted on the planned recreational forest sites from June to September 2020. The numbers of flora are summarized as follows: 348 taxa, 95 families, 234 genera, 308 species, three subspecies, 30 varieties, and seven forma. The Korean endemic plants were of nine taxa, including Fagus engleriana, Celtis choseniana, and Broussonetia x kazinoki. The rare plants were of six taxa, including Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, Hylotelephium ussuriense, Thuja orientalis, and F. engleriana; however, Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, H. ussuriense, T. orientalis, and Iris ensata var. spontanea were planted species. The floristic regional indicator plants (unique plants) found in this survey area were of 33 taxa, comprising three taxa of grade V, four taxa of grade IV, nine taxa of grade III, four taxa of grade II, and 13 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were of 26 taxa, including Rumex crispus, Phytolacca americana, and P. esculenta. Among the naturalized plants, it is necessary to prevent the spread of Ambrosia trifida, Bidens frondosa, and Tagetes minuta through continuous monitoring.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.101 no.1
• /
• pp.7-19
• /
• 2012

After having announced legislation for threatened or endangered species on the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants in 2005, the Korea Ministry of Environment proposed (in June 2011) amending the list, thereby delisting or reclassifying endangered species using new quantitative criteria for two levels (I and II), as well as status reviews. The new legislation included 40 species remained in their original endangered status, but 19 species were delisted, 5 species were proposed as candidates for delisting, 29 species were given a new endangered listing, and 3 species were proposed for an endangered listing in Korea. We assessed the threatened status of 98 plants using the IUCN Red List Criteria (version 3.1) at the global level, and compared the Ministry's revised criteria with the IUCN Red List Criteria and ESA criteria used in the USA. Most species proposed by the Ministry do not qualify as threatened and one of the major difficulties found in applying IUCN Red List Criteria at the global scale was a lack of knowledge on the status of species at broader geographic scales and the perceived difficulty this causes. Under the current classification process, many endangered species, such as Abeliophyllum distichum, Leontice microrhyncha, Echinosophora koreensis, Leontopodium coreanum, Iris odaesanensis, and Corylopsis coreana at global level were excluded here. Knowledge gaps and uncertainties mean that the number of taxa at high risk of extinction may be substantially greater than is currently understood. Due to a lack of information on its taxonomic status, currently there is controversy over the Red List status of Physocarpus insularis. Also, Caragana koreana, which was an invalidly published name, should be excluded here. Although the Korea Ministry of Environment insisted this procedure was conducted by applying the modified IUCN threat categories and definitions, this evaluation has been carried out based only on subjective views and misapplication of the IUCN Red List Criteria. The current listings by the Korea Ministry of Environment should be challenged. We suggest that broad species concepts on endemic species are applied and also criteria that adequately address the proper quantitative knowledge should be used. It is suggested that the highest priorities for the Red List should be given to endemic species at least in the Korean peninsula first at global scale.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.111-133
• /
• 2015

This study was carried out to survey the vascular plants of Baekdudaegan Arboretum area. The results are as follows. The numbers of flora in this study area were summarized as 655 taxa including 95 families, 332 genera, 567 species, 5 subspecies, 72 varieties and 11 formas. The rare plants were 17 taxa including Parasenecio firmus, Rhododendron micranthum, Iris odaesanensis, Lysimachia coreana and so forth. The Korean endemic plants were 16 taxa including Weigela subsessilis, Heloniopsis koreana, Salix koriyanagi, Vicia chosenensis and so forth. Plants Adaptable to Climate Change were Northern plants 18 species, Southern plants 2 species, endemic plants 10 species. The naturalized plants were 44 taxa and ratios of naturalized index and urbanization index were estimated Core area 10.2% and 4.9%, Mt. Munsu 4.9% and 2.3% and Mt. Okseok 5.5% and 2.6%. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 3taxa(2.5%) of grade V, 12taxa(11.0%) of grade IV, 22taxa(20.2%) of grade III, 35taxa(32.1%) of grade II. In life forms, hemicryptophytes were The most dominant. Next was a Therophytes. In addition, 492 taxa were categorized by usage into 8 groups, as follows: Edible 239taxa(36.5%), Fiber 10taxa(1.5%), Industrial 1taxon(0.2%), Miscellaneous 183taxa(27.9%), Ornamental 65taxa(9.9%), Pasturing 259taxa(39.5%), Siscellaneousg 14taxa(2.1%) and Timer 21taxa(3.2%).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.378-398
• /
• 2017

Mt. Deoktaesan(1,113 m) is located in Jinan-gun Baekun-myon and Jangsu-gun Chunchun-myon. Investigated area was decided to include Mt. Deoktaesan, Mt. Seongaksan and its neighbor area, and this study was conducted from March to October, 2015 in 12 days. Based on the voucher, vascular plants in Mt. Deoktaesan were 108 families 341 genera 525 species 4 subspecies 64 varieties 14 forms, totally 607 taxa, which is 12.4% of total Korean flora. Korean endemic plants were 15 species. Among these species, Populus tomentiglandulosa T.B.Lee, Campanula takesimana Nakai and Forsythia koreana (Rehder) Nakai are verified as planted species. Rare and endangered plants of designated by Korea Forest Service were 10 taxa, such as Peucedanum hakuunense Nakai, Paeonia japonica (Makino) Miyabe & Takeda, Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann, Eranthis stellata Maxim., Eranthis stellata Maxim., Viola albida Palib., Chionanthus retusus Lindl. & Paxton, Campanula takesimana Nakai, Tricyrtis macropoda Miq. and Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai, respectively. Phytogeographical special plants were totally 41 taxa, which were grade 17 taxa of garde I, 12 taxa of grade II, 12 taxa of grade III, 8 taxa of grade IV, and 1 taxon of grade V.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.521-547
• /
• 2018

To provide fundamental information to areas that lack data on the plant resources and the ecosystem, this study conducted a survey on the vascular plants in Mt. Jigisan in Hongseonggun. The vascular plants identified during the six-round field surveys were a total of 443 taxa: 96 families, 286 genera, 391 species, 7 subspecies, 40 varieties, 3 forms, and 2 hybrids. On floristic regional of Korea, Mt. Jigisan is deciduous broad-leaved and conifer-mixed forest which is south province of Korean peninsula. 4 taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Populus ${\times}$ tomentiglandulosa, Forsytsythia koreana, Forsytsythia ovate, and Iris rossii var. latifolia were collected. The vascular plants on the red list according to IUCN evaluation basis were found to be 6 taxa: Vulnerable (VU) species of Forsytsythia ovata, Least Conern (LC) species of Chionanthus retusus, Pseudoraphis ukishiba, and Cymbidium goeringii, and Not Evaluate (NE) species of Panax ginseng, and Fimbristylis verrucifera. The floristic regional indicator plants were found 27 taxa: 2 taxa of grade V, 3 taxa of grade IV, 6 taxa of grade III, 4 taxa of grade II, and 12 taxa of grade I. The specific distribution plants were found 27 taxa: 4 taxa of northern part of plants, 12 taxa of southern part of plants, 10 taxa of isolation distribution of plants, and 1 taxon of recently reported Viola betonicifolia var. albescens. The invasive alien plants were identified as 67 taxa. The naturalized index (NI) was 15.12%, and urbanization index (UI) was 20.9%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.453-474
• /
• 2020

Here, we present an updated checklist based on voucher specimens of vascular plants for Gasan Mt. which is located in Chilgok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. The list includes 322 taxa in 212 genera and 81 families of vascular plants, of which 14 are endemic, six are rare plants, 48 are floristic target species, and 14 are considered naturalized in Korea. Based on voucher specimens, Gasan Mt. was the southern limit of Cimicifuga heracleifolia var. bifida Nakai and Iris odaesanensis Y. N. Lee on the Korean peninsula. Moreover, we confirmed a hybrid plant deriving from two Iris parents, I. minutoaurea Makino and I. odaesanensis, in a mountain fortress of Gasan Mt. We also present online databases including 325 voucher specimens deposited at the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM; http://oasis.kiom.re.kr/herblib). This study has great significance as the first floristic study of Korean plants sharing virtual specimens online.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.117-129
• /
• 2010

The vascular plants of the 15 sites of Taeanhaean National Park were identified as 493 taxa; 117 families, 326 genera, 436 species, 49 varieties, 6 form, 2 hybrids. The National Park area includes coastal areas and islands, these islands reflects well the floristic characteristics of coastal area and transition area of the middle province and the southern province. The study revealed that Ficus erecta Thunb., Machilus thunbergii S. et Z., Neolitsea sericea (Bl.) Koidz. and Eurya japonica Thunb. etc. were the mainly distributed species in the southern area while Rosa rugosa Thunb., Carex kobomugi Ohwi and Elymus mollis Trin., etc. were mainly distributed species over the coastal dune area. Deciduous and evergreens broad-leaved trees like Acer palmatum Thunb. ex. Murray, Euonymus japonica Thunb. and Camellia japonica L., etc. were all together distributed in Taeanhaean National Park. There are no any Endangered species designated by The Ministry of Environment were not found. The floristic special plants were recorded to a total of 53 taxa; that is, class I species (41 taxa) were containing as Vitex rotundifolia L. Fil., Arisaema heterophyllum Bl. and Arisaema ringins (Thunb.) Schott, etc, class II species (1 taxon) were Iris ensata var. spontanea (Makino) Nakai, class III species (7 taxa) were containing; Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm., Salsola collina Pall. and Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq., etc, class IV species (1 taxon) were Angelica japonica A. Gray, class V species (1 taxon) were Utricularia vulgaris var. japonica (Makino) Tamura. The naturalized plants were identified a total of 52 taxa; 17 families, 44 genera, 51 species, 1 form; Solanum carolinense L., Phytolacca americana L. and Oenothera odorata Jacq., etc. Among them the ecosystem disturbance wild animals·plants was identified as Solanum carolinense L. Hypochoeris radicata L. and Solidago altissima L. The study suggests that these areas require management such as physical remove of this ecosystem disturbance field plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.447-469
• /
• 2011

The flora of Bongamsa (Temple) area, Mungyeong were listed 552 taxa; 99 families, 303 genera, 468 species, 1 subspecies, 70 varieties and 13 forms. Based on the rare plants (IUCN), total 12 taxa; Crypsinus hastatus (Polypodiaceae), Eranthis stellata (Ranunculaceae), Cnidium tachiroei (Umbelliferae), Monotropa hypopithys (Pyrolaceae), Rhododendron micranthum (Ericaceae), Salvia chanroenica (Labiatae), Gastrodia elata (Orchidaceae), etc. Based on the endemic plants, total 11 taxa; Asarum chungbuensis, Aconitum pseudolaeve, Corydalis maculata, Lonicera subsessilis, Aster koraiensis, Saussurea seoulensis, etc. Based on the specific plants by floral region were total 48 taxa (8.7% of all 552 taxa of vascular plants); 2 taxa in class V, 5 taxa (Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Wistaria floribunda, Elsholtzia angustifolia, etc.) in class IV, 10 taxa (Betula davurica, Spiraea chinensis, Acer barbinerve, Vaccinium koreanum, Syringa reticulata var. mandshurica, etc.) in class III, 7 taxa (Potentilla dickinsii, Viola orientalis, Ostericum melanotilingia, Melica nutans, Veratrum parulum, etc.) in class II, 24 taxa (Camptosorus sibiricus, Cephalotaxus koreana, Betula schmidtii, Ilex macropoda, Tilia amurensis, Triadenum japonica, Lobelia sessilifolia, etc.) in class I. Based on the naturalized plants, total 21 taxa (Silene armeria, Oenothera lamarckiana, Symphytum officinale, Erechtites hieracifolia, etc.) and naturalization rate was 3.8% of all 552 taxa of vascular plants. The flora of importance in the Bongamsa, rare plants were Crypsinus hastatus, Eranthis stellata, Gastrodia elata, Monotropa uniflora, Monotropa hypopithys, Rhododendron micranthum and Cnidium tachiroei, Iris ensata var. spontanea in intermediate marsh and alien species classify into planted species of Bongamsa, area for investigation of afforestation and artificial forests, introduced of naturalized plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.30-55
• /
• 2022

This study conducted a flora survey in the areas of Mt. Sambong (282m) and Mt. Jaung (263m), located in Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do. A total of 434 taxa, including 6 forms, 34 varieties, 11 subspecies, 383 species, 271 genera, and 94 families, were surveyed in the two mountain areas. The ferns were identified as 24 taxa from 10 families, the gymnosperms as 8 taxa from 2 families, the dicotyledonous plants as 322 taxa from 73 families, and the monocotyledonous plants as 80 taxa from 9 families. Five taxa, including Salix koriyanagi, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Forsythia koreana, Paulownia coreana, and Hemerocallis hakuunensi, were identified as the Korean endemic plants. Eight taxa, including Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Tylophora floribunda, and Iris minutiaurea as Vulnerable species, andAristolochia contorta, Viola diamantiaca, Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Lilium distichum, andArisaema heterophyllumas Least Concern species, were designated as rare and endangered plants designated by the Korea Forest Service. The invasive alien plants were 40 taxa, including Rumex crispus, Phytolacca americana, Cerastium glomeratum, Silene armeria, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium ficifolium, Magnolia obovata, Potentilla supina, Amorpha fruticosa, Medicago sativa, Robinia pseudoacacia, Trifolium repens, Euphorbia supina, Hibiscus trionum, and Oenothera biennisaccounting for 9.2 percent of the 434 taxa of the surveyed plants. As this area is a mountainous area close to settlement facilities, it is believed that ecological preservation measures and measures of specialized plants should be implemented.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.179-187
• /
• 2002

Constructed wetland was built for industrial factory wastewater treatment with environmentally sound method from July to October, 2000. Ultimately this case study was carried out to conserve water quality of river and underground water and to provide wildlife habitat and rest place for people in the industrial area. The size of constructed wetland was 10m$\times$6m (upper area) with a treatment capacity of 2.5㎥ per day. It was supplied with wastewater 0.625㎥ at intervals of six hours. Vertical flow system was chosen to promote efficiency. Draining layer was built one meter in soil depth out of sand mixed with pebbles in a ratio of two to one. Perennial emergent plants, Phragmites communis, Typha orientalis, Juncus effusus, Iris pseudoacorus, 20 individuals per square meter were planted. In the aspect of reusing, eco-pond was created for increasing biological species diversity and also deck and information signboard were established for the education of environment. As the result of monitoring, it was revealed that the constructed wetland was effective in removal of BOD$_{5}$, COD, T-N, T-P and has being gradually improved as a wildlife habitat(biotope).