• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.73-78
• /
• 2008

Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP), isolated from Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), has been shown to have a variety of biological functions such as immunostimulating and anti-tumor activities. In the present study, we investigated whether RGAP inhibited ligand-induced platelet aggregation. The washed platelet-rich plasma was prepared from male SD rats with successive centrifugation. The platelets $(10^8/ml)$ were preincubated with 1 mM of $CaCl_2$ for 2 min either in the presence or in the absence of RGAP $(10{\sim}50\;{\mu}g/ml)$ and were stimulated with collagen (2.5 ${\mu}g/ml$) and thrombin (0.1 U/ml). RGAP dose-dependently inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation with $IC_{50}$ value of $26.2{\pm}2.0$ ${\mu}g/ml$. In collagen-induced platelet aggregation, RGAP inhibited the reaction with an $IC_{50}$ value of $31.5{\pm}3.0\;{\mu}g/ml$. RGAP potently suppressed the intracellular calcium ion, which was stimulated by thrombin (0.1 U/ ml). Among mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) subtypes, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and p38 MAPK were analyzed in the present study. RGAP inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK2 and p38 MAPK, which was activated by collagen (2.5 ${\mu}g/ml$). Finally, these results suggested that besides saponin fraction, RGAP take an important role in the preventive effect of Korean red ginseng against cardiovascular disease such as thrombosis and atherosclerosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.30 no.11
• /
• pp.1136-1138
• /
• 1997

A 45-year-old man underwent heart transplantation due to dilated cardiomyopathy. Cyclosporine, 2 mg/kg per day, was intravenously givell postoperatively. As central neurotoxicity signs that were included pin-point pupil, no light reflex, coma, were presented at 8 postoperative hours, cyclosporine was decreased to 1 mg/kg er day. At that time the cyclosporine level was 345 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, the serum creatinine level was 1.8mg/dl and the serum magnesium level was within normal limit. He awaked at 31 postoperative hours and all sign of cyclosporine-induced central neurotoxicity was resolved after postoperative days. He was discharged without sequale at postoperative day 28.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.56 no.6
• /
• pp.901-908
• /
• 2018

Graphite is used as a sample anode active material. However, since the maximum theoretical capacity is limited to $372mA\;h\;g^{-1}$, a new anode active material is required for the development of a high capacity lithium ion battery. The maximum theoretical capacity of Si is $4200mA\;h\;g^{-1}$, which is higher than that of graphite. However, it is not suitable for direct application to the anode active material because it has a volume expansion of 400%. In order to minimize the decrease of the discharge capacity due to the volume expansion, the Si was pulverized by the dry method to reduce the mechanical stress and the volume change of the reaction phase, and the change of the volume was suppressed by coating the carbon layers to the particle size controlled Si particles. And carbon fiber is grown like a thread on the particle surface to control secondary volume expansion and improve electrical conductivity. The physical and chemical properties of the materials were measured by XRD, SEM and TEM, and their electrochemical properties were evaluated. In this study, we have investigated the synthesis method that can be used as anode active material by improving cycle characteristics of Si.

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.17-23
• /
• 2008

In order to simulate the leaching solution of copper sulfide ore in $FeCl_3$ solutions, synthetic solutions with composition of $FeCl_3$-$FeCl_2$-$CuCl_2$-CuCl-NaCl-HCl-$H_2O$ were prepared. The concentration of iron and copper chloride was varied from 0.1 to 1 m in synthetic solutions. The effect of composition on the mixed solution pH and potential at $25^{\circ}C$ was measured. When HCl concentration was constant, the increase of CuCl concentration increased solution pH. The increase of other solutes excluding HCl and CuCl decreased solution pH owing to the increase of the activity coefficient of hydrogen ion. A high CuCl concentration favored the redox equilibrium in the direction of Cu(I), while $FeCl_3$ had the opposite effect.

• Resources Recycling
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.30-37
• /
• 2009

Distribution diagram of Pt(IV), Pd(II), and Rh(III) in HCl solution was obtained as a function of HCl concentration from 0.001 to 10 M by considering complex formation reaction together with mass balance. When HCl concentration was higher than 0.1 M, most of Pt and Pd in HCl solution exist as $PtCl_6^{2-}$ and $PtCl_4^{2-}$. The concentration of HCl had a feat effect on the speciation of Rh(III). As HCl concentration increases from 0.1 to 10 M, the pedominant species changes from $PhCl_5^{2-}$ to $PhCl_6^{3-}$. Interaction parameters of $PtCl_6^{2-}$ and $PdCl_4^{2-}$ with hydrogen ion were evaluated from the solvent extraction data of Pt and Pd reported in the literature.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.279-285
• /
• 2015

Background: Korean Red Ginseng has been used as a traditional oriental medicine to treat illness and to promote health for several thousand years in Eastern Asia. It is widely accepted that ginseng saponins, ginsenosides, are the major active ingredients responsible for Korean Red Ginseng's therapeutic activity against many kinds of illness. Although the crude saponin fraction (CSF) displayed antiplatelet activity, the molecular mechanism of its action remains to be elucidated. Methods: The platelet aggregation was induced by collagen, the ligand of integrin ${\alpha}_{II}{\beta}_I$ and glycoprotein VI. The crude saponin's effects on granule secretion [e.g., calcium ion mobilization and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release] were determined. The activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and p38 MAPK, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt was analyzed by immunoblotting. In addition, the activation of integrin ${\alpha}_{II}b{\beta}_{III}$ was examined by fluorocytometry. Results: CSF strongly inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation and ATP release in a concentration-dependent manner. It also markedly suppressed $[Ca^{2+}]_i$ mobilization in collagen-stimulated platelets. Immunoblotting assay revealed that CSF significantly suppressed ERK1/2, p38, JNK, PI3K, Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, our fraction strongly inhibited the fibrinogen binding to integrin ${\alpha}_{IIb}{\beta}_3$. Conclusion: Our present data suggest that CSF may have a strong antiplatelet property and it can be considered as a candidate with therapeutic potential for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders involving abnormal platelet function.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.331-338
• /
• 1988

Acetone powder was prepared from raw arrowroots and the polyphenol oxidases of crude enzyme prepared from acetone powder were identified 5 isoenzymes by staining with catechol containing 0.05% phenylene diamine. The crude enzyme was passed through the columns of ion exchangers and gel permeation to fractionate the polyphenol oxidases. The main fraction of polyphenol oxidase appeared to be purified by 94-fold, with the activity yield of 45.4%, and its molecular weight was determined as 38,500 by poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were pH 7.5 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. The purified enzyme showed a high affinity for catechol and pyrogallol. The Michaelis constant for catechol was calculated to be 16.67mM according to the Lineweaver-Burk method. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by L-ascorbic acid, sodium bisulfite, EDTA and KCN, and totally inhibited, by $Fe^{3+}$ at a concentration of 1mM. However the enzyme was activated by $Zn^{2+}$ approximately 1.7 times at the same concentration.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.244-250
• /
• 1976

Candida brumptii was one of the best isolates which could grow on alcohol distillation slops (reported in the previous paper). Attempts were made to investigate the cultural conditions for cell mass production by this strain, and the results obtained were as follow. The supernatant of the alcohol distillation slops without dilution support ed better growth of the strain than diluted ones. The addition of ammonium sulfate (0.2%), ammonium phosphate (0.1-0.2%), potassium phosphate (0.2%) to the supernatant resulted in positive effects for the growth, among the various inorganic nitrogen and other salts supplements. BOD and COD of the supernatant were reduced approximately 30% and 20%, respectively in 3 days culture. Cell production was maximized when grown at $35^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0. The yield of cell mass was 1.03% by dry weight and its crude protein content was about 52.65%

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.1086-1093
• /
• 2012

This research was carried out to develop the correction method of VDI4630 method improving accuracy, and investigated the effects of carbonate ion ($CO_3{^{2-}}$) and reactant water ($H_2O$) on anaerobic organic biodegradability in VDI4630 method. Pig blood, pig intestine residue, pig digestive tract content, and cattle rumen content were experimented as waste biomasses. Chemical formulas of pig blood, pig intestine residue, pig digestive tract content, and cattle rumen content were $C_{3.78}H_{8.39}O_{1.46}N_1S_{0.01}$, $C_{9.69}H_{15.42}O_{2.85}N_1S_{0.03}$, $C_{25.17}H_{43.32}O_{15.04}N_1$, $C_{27.23}H_{42.38}O_{15.93}N_1S_{0.11}$, respectively. And amount of reactant moisture for the anaerobic degradation of organic materials were 0.336, 0.485, 0.227, 0.266 mol, respectively. In pig blood, pig intestine residue, pig digestive tract content, and cattle rumen content, anaerobic organic biodegradability presented as $B_u/B_{th}$ were 82.3, 81.5, 70.8, and 66.1%, and anaerobic organic biodegradability (AB) by VDI4630 method were 72.2, 87.8, 74.2, 62.0%, and that were significantly different with anaerobic organic biodegradability presented as $B_u/B_{th}$. The effects of carbonate ion and reactant water on anaerobic organic biodegradability were not significant, But Accuracy of anaerobic organic degradability was expected to able to be improved by the correction method of VDI4630 considering the carbonate ion at digestate and the reactant water quantified.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.19 no.5
• /
• pp.368-373
• /
• 2004

The optimal condition for the production of a glucan and a fructan synthesizing enzymes from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1149 were studied based on the different medium compositions. Response surface methodology was applied to find the optimistic condition showing the relationship between the fermentation response (enzyme activities) and the fermentation variable concentrations of yeast extract, peptone concentration, K2HP04 concentration and sucrose. Optimum medium composition for both enzymes production was $0.75\%$ yeast extract, $0.72\%$ peptone, $1\%$ K2HP04 and $2.17\%$ sucrose. Using this medium, the activities produced in culture was 0.90 U/m~ for glucosyltransferase (GTase) and 0.96 U/ml for fructosyltransferase (FTase). After purification of 1149FTase by consecutive chromatographies using Sephadex G-150 and DEAE-Sepharose, a 1149FTase of 210 kDa on $7\%$ polyacrylamide gel was isolated and it synthesized soluble fructan. The 1149GTase showed a band of 180 kDa on $8\%$ polyacrylamide gel after purification using Bio-Gel P-100 gel chromatography and DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography and it synthesized insoluble glucan. The linkages of polymers were determined by methylation using Hakomori reagent and following NMR analysis. The glucan was composed of a(1~6) and a(1~3) linkages and the fructan was levan.