• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.346-355
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• 1997

갑상선암은 재발되는 경향이 있으므로 조기에 재발 및 전이를 발견하기 위한 주기적인 경과관찰이 중요하다. T-131 스캔, 혈청 갑상선 글로불린의 측정이 주로 사용되고, T1-201 스캔도 사용되고 있으나 아직 논란이 많으므로 한일 병원에서 분화된 갑상선암 수술후 방사성 옥소치료를 받은 33명의 환자를 대상으로 41증례를 설정하여 각 진단방법의 결과를 비교하였다. I-131 치료적 스캔과 71-201 스캔을 비교한 결과 일치율은 48%(초회치료군 59%, 재치료군 38%) 불과하였다 초회치료군에서는 불일치한 100%(7예) 모두 I-131 치료적 스갠에서 잔여 갑상선조직의 이상 섭취를 보였다. 재 치료군에서는 I-131 치료적 스캔에서 이상섭취가 없이 T1-201 스캔에서만 양성을 보인 6예가 있었고, 이들에서 혈청 갑상선 글로불린이 의의있게 증가된 5예가 있었으나, 모두 반복되는 I-131 치료에도 병소의 소실을 보이지 않았다. I-131 진단적 스캔과 T1-201 스캔의 일치율은 35%(초회치료군 33%, 재치료군 36%)였고, I-131 진단적 스캔에서 발견되지 않은 29%(4예)의 병소를 I-131 치료적 스캔에서 발견할 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 갑상선암 절제술 후 방사성옥소 치료시 I-131 스캔은 잔여 갑상선 조직을 발견하는데 유용하였고, T1-201 스캔은 I-131 스캔에 음성을 보였던 재치료군의 병소를 찾을 수 있었으므로 혈청 갑상선 글로불린 측정과 함께 갑상선암의 추적관찰법으로 유용하였다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.2-10
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• 2020

Background: Huge amounts of radionuclides were released into the environment due to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, which caused not only serious contamination on the ground, but also radiation exposure to the public. One problem that remains in performing the dose estimation is the difficulty of estimating the internal thyroid dose due to the intake of radioiodine (mainly, ¹³¹I) because of limitations to the human data available. Materials and Methods: The relevant papers were collected and reviewed by the authors. The results of thyroid dose estimates from different studies were tabulated for comparison. Results and Discussion: The thyroid dose estimates from the studies varied widely. The dose estimates by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation were higher than the others due to the ingestion dose being based on conservative assumptions. The dose estimates by Japanese experts were mostly below 20-30 mSv. The recent studies suggested that exposure on March 12, 2011 would be crucial for late evacuees from the areas near the FD-NPP because of the possible intake of short-lived radionuclides other than ¹³¹I. Further multilateral studies are vital to reduce uncertainties in the present dose estimations. Conclusion: The estimation of the thyroid doses to Fukushima residents still has many uncertainties. However, it is considered unlikely that the thyroid doses exceeded 50 mSv except in some extreme cases. Further multilateral studies are thus necessary to reduce the uncertainties in the present dose estimations.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 1969

742 cases of thyroid diseases treated at Radio-isotope Clinic, Seoul National University Hospital since October 1965 through July 1968 were analyzed. The patients were classified according to eye findings, as to Infiltrative, Non-infiltrative and No ophthalmopathy. Correlations between ophthalmological findings and symptoms, BMR values and $^{131}I$ uptake rate as well as response to medical treatment were carefully reviewed. Results obtained were as follows: 1. Among goitrous patients 44.5% with infiltrative ophthalmopathy, 24.1% with non-infiltrative ophthalmopathy totaling 68.6% of patients with one or more eye findings were found. Exophthalmos (44%) and visual disturbances (44%) comprised the highest incidence among eye signs. Most frequent eye symptoms were lid swelling (17.1%). 2. Female patients were predominant(91%). 3. Of cases with hyperthyroidism, after treatment with antithyroid drugs and radio-iodine therapy, general symptoms were improved in over 74%, whereas ophthalmopathy was not changed and in some cases the eye signs were aggravated. This tendency was more apparent in infiltrative ophthalmopathy. 4. Significant correlations between exophthalmos, BMR values and $^{131}I$ uptake rate were found. Among the patients of same degree of exophthalmos, BMR values and $^{131}I$ uptake rate showed the highest in non-infiltrative ophthalmopathy, moderate in infiltrative ophthalmopathy and the lowest in no ophthalmopathy.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 1999

Objectives: The development of thyroid tumor has a relationship with carcinogen, oncogene and tumor suppressor gene. With aminotriazole, radioactive iodine and nitrosomethylurea as carcinogens in rat, authors investigate the incidence in type of the thyroid tumors, p21 and p53 protein expression pattern by immunohistochemical stain and the relationship between the tumors and p21-p53 protein expressions. Materials and Methods: 80 experimental animals were divided into four groups; group 1(control, no carcinogen, n=20), group 2(oral administration of aminotriazole for 36 weeks, n=20), group 3(intraperitoneal injection of 131I for one time and oral administration of aminotriazole for 36 weeks, n=20), group 4(oral administration of nitrosomethylurea for 3 days and aminotriazole for 36 weeks, n=20). After 40 weeks they were sacrificed with pathologic examination and we performed immunohistochemical staining with pan-ras monoclonal antibody for p21 protein and CMI polyclonal antibody for p53 protein with paraffin-embedded specimens. Results: 1) No tumors were observed in group I, but 38.3% of nodular goiters, 11.7% of adenomas and 50.0% of carcinomas were observed in carcinogen treated groups(group 2, 3, 4). 2) The incidence of nodular goiter, adenoma and carcinoma were 70%, 20% and 10% in group 2, 40%, 15% and 45% in group 3 and 5%, 0% and 95% in group 4. 3) p21 protein was not expressed in normal thyroid tissues but was expressed in 26.1% of nodular goiters, 42.9% of adenomas and 6.7% of carcinomas. On the other hands, p53 protein was not expressed in normal thyroid tissues, nodular goiters, adenomas and in well differentiated thyroid carcinomas by immunohistochemical stain. Conclusion: The authors suggest that aminotrizole, 131I, nitrosomethylurea can be etiologic agents in the development of thyroid tumor and the p21 protein can be expressed in the early stage and in benign condition of thyroid tumor but p53 protein is not expressed in all conditions of development in rats.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.3919-3925
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• 2015

방사성옥소 치료를 받은 환자가 격리 후 차량으로 귀가할 때 동승자가 받는 방사선 피폭량을 줄이기 위해서는 동승하는 시간을 적절하게 제한해야 한다. 계산 방법이 어렵기 때문에 현재까지 일반적인 가이드라인은 있어도 환자 개개인의 상태를 반영하는 기준은 없었다. 그런데 비교적 짧은 이동시간 동안에는 소변을 통한 배출이 없고 물리적인 붕괴도 없다는 가정을 하면 총선량 = 선량율 ${\times}$ 이동시간이라는 아주 간편한 계산을 할 수 있다. 입원했던 환자 120명의 데이터를 활용하여 이 간편계산법과 표준적인 계산법으로 계산한 결과를 비교하였다. 이동가능 시간을 계산했을 때 간편계산의 결과는 표준적인 방법에 비해 0.3 m 거리에서는 56%, 0.5 m 거리에서는 91%, 1 m 거리에서는 96%였다. 간편계산법은 안전한 방법이며, 방사선안전관리 방법으로 쉽게 적용할 수 있을 것이다. 또한 방사성옥소 치료를 받는 갑상선기능항진증 환자에서도 적용이 가능하다.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 1995년도 추계학술발표회논문집(2)
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• pp.879-884
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• 1995

The results of performance assessment analyses have shown that the long-lived radionuclides such as I-129 control the potential individual dose impact to the public. I-129 is difficult-to-measure(DTM) in low-level waste because it is non-gamma emitting radionuclides and exists at extremely low concentrations in radioactive waste generated by nuclear reactors. In this study, computer modeling technique to predict release rate of I-129 is developed to provide another tools far performance assessment of land disposal facilities and characteristics of radwaste. Model suggested in this study will give conservative values of I-129 release rate far determination of radwaste characteristics. More detailed approach is implemented to account for release conditions of fuel source-nuclides. 1-131 concentration measured from reactor coolant and released fraction from tramp fuel have dominant roles in calculating release rate of I-129 with fuel defect conditions.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.374-381
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• 1998

목적: 종양을 영상화하기 위해서 I-131-Iododeoxyadenosine (IAD)을 방사합성하여 유방세포가 접종된 쥐를 대상으로 생체분포를 확인하고 신티그라피, 자가방사영상을 시행하여 종양에 잘 섭취되는지를 관찰하였다. 대상 및 방법: Tosyl acetyladenosine을 acetonitrile에 녹인 후 I-131-NaI를 첨가하고 가열하여 IAD를 합성하였다. Female Fisher 344 rat에 유방세포를 피하에 접종하고 3주 후 IAD 0.37 MBq를 주입하고 0.5, 1, 2, 4 및 24시간 후에 각각 3마리씩 희생시켜 주요 장기를 적출하여 %ID/g를 구하였다. 2마리 쥐에 IAD 1.11 MBq를 주입하고 각각 2, 24 시간에 신티그라피를 시행한 후 희생시켜 carboxy-methylcellulose로 블록을 만들어 동결절편기로 $100{\mu}m$ 절편을 얻어 2, 24시간에 각각 자가방사영상을 얻었다. 결과 종양의 섭취(%ID/g)는 주사 후 0.5, 1, 2, 4 및 24시간에 각각 0.74, 0.13, 0.55, 0.38, 0.05이었다. 주사 후 1시간에 종양의 섭취는 심장 (0.34), 간(0.33), 비장(0.47), 신장(0.69), 근육(0.14), 뼈(0.33), 소장(0.51)보다 높았으나, 혈액(1.06), 폐(0.77), 갑상선(177.71)보다는 낮았다. 주사 후 4시간까지 종양의 섭취는 끈 변화가 없었다. 종앙/근육 섭취비는 주사 후 0.5, 1, 2, 4 및 24시간에 각각 4.65, 5.11, 4.91, 4.94 4.10이었고 종양/혈액 섭취비는 주사 후 0.5, 1, 2, 4 및 24시간에 각각 0.68, 0.69, 0.64, 0.67, 0.57로서 섭취비는 시간이 지나도 개선되지는 않았다. 주사 후 2, 24시간에 시행한 신티그라피 및 자가방사영상에서 종양을 잘 관찰 할 수 있었다. 결론: 이 결과는 IAD를 사용하여 종양을 영상화 할 수 있음을 시사하나 종양에의 집적(국소화)을 개선하는 방법이 모색되어야 하겠고 IAD를 이용한 종양영상이 종양세포의 증식을 반영하는지 확인하는 연구가 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.1859-1862
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• 2014

Recently, the main therapy of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is surgical, but by which way there is a poor prognosis with a mean survival of only 5 years. In some cases, some researchers found that it is the medullary thyroid cancer stem cells (MTCSCs) that cause metastasis and recurrence. This study aimed to eradicate MTCSCs through administration of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). Here we demonstrate that MTCSCs possess stemlike properties in serum-free medium. The ABCG2, OCT4 and sodium iodide symporter (NIS) were changed by ATRA. Additionally, we found that ATRA can increase the expression of NIS in vivo. All the data suggested that ATRA could increase the iodine uptake of MTCSCs through NIS.

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.464-468
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• 2008

목적 : I-131 치료를 받는 분화갑상선압 환자에서 I-131의 유효반감기($T_{eff}$)는 투여량의 계산이나 격리치료의 기간을 결정하기 위해서는 알아야 할 값 중 하나이다. 그러나 $T_{eff}$를 계산하려면 자주 선량을 측정해야 하기 때문에 측정하는 사람의 방사선노출이 문제가 된다. 이런 이유로 아직 한국인에서 $T_{eff}$값은 찾기 어렵다. 측정하는 사람에 대한 방사선 노출 없이 연속적으로 선량 변화를 측정하고, 이로부터 $T_{eff}$와 48시간 체내잔류량, 1.1 GBq이하가 될 때까지의 시간을 계산하고자 하였다. 방법: 방사선 선량계의 탐침은 격리치료실 안의 벽에 고정하고, 선량계는 밖에서 읽도록 하는 간단한 방법을 사용하였다. 2006년 1월부터 12월까지 I-131 치료($3.7{\sim}7.4\;GBq$)를 받은 분화갑상선 환자 68명(여=55, 남=13, 연령=$47{\pm}13.7$)에서 격리치료실 입원 중 선량변화를 측정하였다. 이 값을 가지고 개인용 컴퓨터의 스프레드시트 프로그램을 사용하여 $T_{eff}$를 계산하였다. 모든 환자에서 혈중 크레아티닌 농도를 측정하였다. 결과: $T_{eff}$는 $15.4{\pm}4.3$ ($9.4{\sim}32.5$)시간이었다. $T_{eff}$는 혈중 크레아티닌이 증가할수록 길어지는 경향은 있었으나, 상관계수는 높지 않았다(r=0.45). 48시간 후 남은 양은 $4.9{\pm}4.2$ ($1{\sim}23$)%였다. 전신에 남은 양이 1.1GBq 이하가 될 때까지의 시간은, 9.25GBq를 투여한다고 가정했을 때에는 $47.1{\pm}13.2$시간, 7.4 GBq일 때 $42.1{\pm}11.9$시간, 5.55 GBq일 때 $35.7{\pm}10$시간, 3.7 GBq일 때 $26.7{\pm}7.5$시간으로 계산되었다. 결론: 선량계의 탐침과 몸체를 분리하는 간단한 방법으로 측정하는 사람의 방사선노출이 없이 격리치료실에 입원한 환자의 선량변화를 연속적으로 측정할 수 있었고, 유도된 곡선으로부터 $T_{eff}$를 계산했다. 이 값을 이용하여 48시간 체내잔류량과 투여한 양이 1.1 GBq 이하가 될 때까지의 시간을 계산하였다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2020

Background: An important lesson learned from the Fukushima accident is that the transition to the mid- and long-term phases from the emergency-response phase requires less than a year, which is not very long. It is necessary to know how much radioactive material has been deposited in an urban area to establish mid- and long-term countermeasures after a radioactive accident. Therefore, an urban deposition model that can indicate the site-specific characteristics must be developed. Materials and Methods: In this study, the generalized urban deposition velocity and the subsequent variation in radionuclide contamination were estimated based on the characteristics of the Korean urban environment. Furthermore, the application of the obtained generalized deposition velocity in a hypothetical scenario was investigated. Results and Discussion: The generalized deposition velocities of ¹³⁷Cs, ¹⁰⁶Ru, and ¹³¹I for each residence type were obtained using three-dimensional (3D) modeling. For all residence types, the deposition velocities of ¹³¹I are greater than those of ¹⁰⁶Ru and ¹³⁷Cs. In addition, we calculated the generalized deposition velocities for each residential types. Iodine was the most deposited nuclide during initial deposition. However, the concentration of iodine in urban environment drastically decreases owing to its relatively shorter half-life than ¹⁰⁶Ru and ¹³⁷Cs. Furthermore, the amount of radioactive material deposited in nonresidential areas, especially in parks and schools, is more than that deposited in residential areas. Conclusion: In this study, the generalized urban deposition velocities and the subsequent deposition changes were estimated for the Korean urban environment. The 3D modeling was performed for each type of urban residential area, and the average deposition velocity was obtained and applied to a hypothetical accident. Based on the estimated deposition velocities, the decision-making systems can be improved for responding to radioactive contamination in urban areas. Furthermore, this study can be useful to predict the radiological dose in case of large-scale urban contamination and can support decision-making for long-term measurement after nuclear accident.