• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1202-1210
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify factors of shopping orientation and factors of preferred stores for female shoppers aged from 45 to 64. Also women's markets for these ages were segmented based on their shopping orientation, and consumer groups were compared in terms of demographics and preferred store characteristics. Data from 238 women aged between 45-64 were collected by survey method and used for statistical analyses. Factor analysis, cluster analysis, $X^2$ test, F test, Duncan test were done. The results were as follows. First, five shopping orientation factors, such as high involvement, fashion orientation, brand orientation, other people orientation, and economic orientation were found. Second, five factors of preferred store characteristics were identified. They were store environment, product characteristics, trend and brand, accessibility, and sales personnel factors. Four consumer groups of brand pursuing, fashion pursuing, other-dependent, and high-involvement were classified. Those consumer groups showed significant differences in terms of demographics and preferred store characteristics. In conclusion, Korean women aged 45-64 were shown to have some differences in their shopping orientation compared with young women and to differ in preferred store factors among their groups.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2011

One of the major reasons for fierce competition among firms is that they strive to increase their own market shares in the same market with similar and apparently undifferentiated products in terms of quality and perceived benefit. Due to such changes in the marketing environment, differentiated after-sales service and diversified promotion strategies have become more important in the race to gain a competitive advantage. Price discount is one of the popular promotion strategies that most retailers use, especially to increase sales, but offering a price discount does not always lead to the expected result. If marketers apply an identical price-promotion strategy without considering the characteristic differences in products and consumer preferences, the discounted price itself may make people skeptical about the quality of the product. Moreover, the changes in perceived value may appear differently depending on factors such as consumer involvement. This implies that variables such as the level of consumer involvement, brand loyalty, and external reference prices, in reality, would have different effects on how consumers perceive the value of price discounts. The variables that affect consumers' perceived values and buying decisions are diverse and complicated. Several studies have examined the effects of such variables as external reference price, selling price, and brand on consumers' perceived value of products. Results have not shown consistent patterns. Therefore, we must note that the factors affecting consumers' value perceptions and buying behaviors are diverse and that the results of studies on the same dependent variable come out differently depending on what that variable is. This study focused on the level of consumer involvement as a salient variable that supposedly affects the perceived value of a product, willingness to buy, and search intentions. We tried to examine whether a price discount affects the perceived value-such as perceived acquisition value and perceived transaction value-in different ways depending on the level of consumer involvement. In addition, we proposed managerial implications that marketers need to consider as a whole, for instance, product attributes, brand loyalty, and involvement and then established a differentiated pricing strategy, case by case, in order to effectively enhance consumers' perceived values. As a result, we found that perceived transaction value positively affects perceived acquisition value and when discounting the price of a high-involvement product enhances the consumer's willingness to buy, but perceived acquisition value does not affect the search intentions significantly. In the case of discounting prices of low-involvement products, on the other hand, the perceived transaction value has a positive effect on the willingness to buy, but the negative effect of perceived acquisition value on the search intentions was not significant. We suppose that people doubt a product's quality because of a declined perceived quality derived from a price discount. Even though the price discount enhanced the transaction value, people eventually increased their level of searching for additional product information. From the results of this study, we suggest that marketers ought to establish an appropriate value-enhancing strategy based on the understanding of which perceived value consumers rely on more when they conduct purchasing behavior because consumers perceive the degree of importance of acquisition value or transaction value differently, depending on their level of involvement.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.131-148
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• 2002

This paper explores how international political factors influence the role of conventional external factors in the course of technological learning. The research goes on to investigate whether the role of the techno-economic factors has changed due to the involvement of international political factors in the technological learning mechanism. To this end, this paper examines how US political intervention affected Korean technological learning in the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle. The export policy, prior consent policy and international political influence of the US are employed as international political factors. The empirical findings show that international political factors are very likely to restrain the impact of the techno-economic factors on technological learning process. Accordingly, this paper hypothesizes that the role of techno-economic factors in the technological learning mechanism is weaker when international political intervention is involved.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.61-75
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• 2020

The purpose of this study were to investigate self-leadership, nursing professionalism, job involvement and turnover intention and to identify factors influencing turnover intention of geriatric nurses working in long term care hospitals. The data of it were collected from the 135 questionnaires of its subjects, the nurses working in long term care hospitals in D province. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression analysis with SPSS/WIN 21.0. The results revealed that the nurses working in long-term care hospitals had medium level of turnover intention. There were significant correlation between self-leadership, nursing professionalism, job involvement and turnover intention. Factors affecting turnover were age, marital status, nursing professionalism. Nursing professionalism was the most influential factor with an explanatory power of 30.6%. Based on the result, to reduce turnover intention of long term care hospital nurses, it is necessary to enhance their nursing professionalism through development of educational program and organizational support, establishment of systematic strategy and creation of suitable environment for enhancement of job involvement, and intervention for the work force management considering the variables related to turnover intention of nurses working in long-term care hospitals are required in order to reduce turnover intention of theses nurses.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.79-100
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• 2015

This study is to examine the factors that influence purchasing behavior and decision-making when consumers buy goods through mobile shopping, define purchasing decision-making with the steps of problem recognition, information search, alternative assessment, and purchasing behavior to understand mobile consumer behavior, and investigate how the factors of each step play roles and influence consumers' purchasing decision-making through positive analysis to figure out consumer purchasing behavior in mobile shopping. The study results, First, the user characteristics of information search influence flow. Second, in the relations between the user characteristics in the step of information search and perceived risk in alternative assessment, if recognition on gains is higher, perceived risk for time loss gets lower, and when the level of skills is higher, perceived risk gets higher, and it has been partly adopted that innovativeness does not influence risk perception. Third, in the relations between flow experience and purchasing intention, it has been found to be partially significant that remote presence and challenge do not influence purchasing intention but do influence excitement, attention concentration, and control and also do influence perceived risk and purchasing intention. Fourth, according to the results of analyzing the difference of consumer purchasing behavior by the types of involvement, practical involvement and sensual involvement, user characteristics and flow, and perceived risk differ by the types of products in terms of the search process, thereby changing purchasing intention. Lastly, the significance and limitations of this study was discussed.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.73-97
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• 2005

The importance of emotional factors like as product aesthetics, branding strategies and service quality is increasing in today's marketplace. At the point of fashion product purchases, emotional factor is mainly related to personal selling. Rasearches related to job aptitudity of fashion salesperson are necessary as their role becoming more serious. This study was designed (1) to determine factors of job aptitudity of fashion salesperson; and (2) to examine relations between job aptitudity of fashion salesperson and other variables: demographics, job statistics, fashion involvement fashion innovativeness, ongoing information searching and job satisfaction. As a result, job aptitudty of fashion salesperson was determined into six dimensions by factor analysis: product knowledge, professionalism, involvement to the present profession, marketing cooperator, customer orientation and self management. Marketing cooperator and product knowledge was relatively !ow compared to other aptitudity factors. This finding suggests that the special education programs including textile/fashion product knowledge and value of field information for fashion salesperson is needed to enhance the integrated fashion marketing. The job aptitudity of salesperson was correlated with fashion involvement, fashion innovativeness, ongoing information searching, and job satisfaction. The job aptitudity-related scales which showed significant relation to job aptitudity in this study could be used as the index to examine the job aptitudity of potential employees of fashion retail company.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2001

Purpose: Even with excellent surgical outcome, recurrence of early gastric cancer (EGC) after a curative resection is not declining because the incidence of EGC is increasing. The aim of this study was to propose an appropriate treatment strategy by assessing the risk factors for recurrence of curatively resected early gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: Of 3662 patients who had undergone gastric resections for gastric cancer from 1987 to 1996, the cases of 1050 curatively resected EGC patients were reviewed retrospectively. Among those 1050 patients, 50 patients ($4.8\%$) were diagnosed as having recurrent cancer, which was confirmed by clinico-radiological examination or re-operation. The risk factors that determined the recurrence patterns were investigated by using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The mean time to recurrence was 30.9 months, and hematogenous recurrence was the most frequent type ($32.0\%$). Among the 50 recurred patients, peritoneal recurrence showed the shortest mean time to recurrence ($18.5\pm17.7$months). Between the recurred and the non-recurred patients, there was no statistically significant difference with respect to age, sex, operation type, tumor size, tumor location, gross appearance, or histological differentiation. However, depth of invasion (submucosal invasion) and nodal involvement were significantly different (P<0.001) between the two groups. Using logistic regression analyses, nodal involvement was the only significant risk factor for recurrence in early gastric cancer (P<0.001). The median survival after the recurrence had been diagnosed was 4 months. Conclusion: Although the prognosis for EGC patients is excellent and recurrence of EGC after a curative resection is rare, the time to recurrence and the patterns of recurrence in EGC patients were diverse and unpredictable, and the result after recurrence is dismal. Considering the impact of lymph node metastasis on recurrence of EGC, a systematic lymphadenectomy, rather than limited surgery, should be performed if lymph node involvement is confirmed pre- or intraoperatively. Also if the postoperative pathologic findings reveal lymph node involvement, adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-31
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• 2019

This study empirically analyzed the effect of service nature of dental clinic on job satisfaction and job commitment. In recent years, the demand for medical services has been increasing in the dental clinics. As the dental clinics are faced with various competition situations through new establishment and expansion, the importance of job satisfaction and job involvement is more emphasized. The service nature of dental hospitals is known to be influenced by job satisfaction and job commitment. These two factors are important factors for securing the competitiveness of dental hospitals as well as the functions of hospitals required for survival and development of dental hospitals In this study, we analyzed the effects of labor - management relations and high-involvement work organization on the organizational satisfaction and organizational commitment affecting service nature of dental hospital. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the service nature based organization has a full mediating effect which is not established without labor relations and participatory work organization in the process of affecting job commitment. Therefore, unlike previous studies which focus on incentives or external rewards to increase job satisfaction of employees, this study concluded that internal support system reflecting service nature factors should be strengthened. Job satisfaction and job commitment, which are variables in this study, are expected to be the basis for improving competitiveness of dental hospitals. Future research should be extended to small and medium dental hospitals and dental clinics. It is also necessary to study various organizations in order to strengthen the competitiveness of the service organization by fostering the nature of service such as relationship and interactivity at the organizational level.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.3 s.217
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• pp.27-49
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• 2006

This study investigated the integrated effects of family, school, internet, and mass culture factors on the identity formation of adolescents. Specifically, the purposes of this study were to categorize adolescents into groups by what they do during the time except the life in school and to investigate differences among the groups regarding the identity information(body image, self-esteem, self-identity) and the influences of environmental factors on identity formation of adolescent. The study distributed questionnaires to middle and high school adolescents of five representative cities in South Korea. The total respondents were 2240(960 from Seoul/Kyongki, and 320 each from Taegu, Pusan, Kwangju, and Taejon). The response rate was 98.7%. The data were analyzed by factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA, Duncan test, and multiple regression. The results showed that Korean adolescents were segmented into five groups : TV preference group, computer preference group, friends and family involvement group, homework and study preference group, and study institute involvement group). The five groups were significantly different in regard to body image pursuit, self-esteem, and self-identity. The body image pursuit, self-esteem, and self-identity of adolescents were significantly different in regard to each environmental factors, in each adolescent group.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2019

This study identifies influential factors in regards to the purchase of celebrity fashion hot items and compares these factors in the age groups of teens and twenties. This study surveyed male and female consumers aged 10-20 years old for empirical analysis in July 2018. The study surveyed 322 consumers selected through online convenience sampling. Data were analyzed using SPSS for Windows 19.0, descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, ${\chi}^2$ analysis, regression analysis, ANOVA analysis, Duncan test, and t-test. The results were as follows. First, 87.6% of consumer have purchased celebrity fashion hot items more than once. In particular, female consumers in their 20s with a high fashion product expenditure tend to purchase more celebrity fashion hot items. Clothes and shoes were purchased more by 10-year-old males, shoes for males in their 20s, accessories for 10-year-old females female, and bags and accessories for female in their 20s. Second, there were no significant differences for those aged 10-20 years old in purchase satisfaction for celebrity fashion hot items according to age, gender, income, and fashion product expenditure. Consumers' awareness on corporate marketing intention to celebrity fashion hot items was higher among women in their 20s than men in their teens and twenties; in addition, the expenditure on fashion products also increased. Third, factors affecting the purchase of celebrity fashion hot items among teens and twenties were different according to age and gender. A higher need for identification for teenage male resulted in: lower media dependency, higher product involvement, fashion conformity, fashion innovativeness for 20s males, higher product involvement for 10s and 20s females, increased intention to purchase tended. This study provides consumer information and fashion item information that can be utilized in advertisement and promotion strategies for fashion companies that seek to perform celebrity marketing strategies that target consumers aged 10-20 years old.