• Korean Journal of Radiology
• /
• 제24권8호
• /
• pp.739-751
• /
• 2023

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the accuracy of preoperative breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and tumor-to-nipple distance (TND) for diagnosing occult nipple-areolar complex (NAC) involvement in breast cancer. Materials and Methods: The MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched for articles published until March 20, 2022, excluding studies of patients with clinically evident NAC involvement or those treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Study quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool. Two reviewers independently evaluated studies that reported the diagnostic performance of MRI imaging features such as continuity to the NAC, unilateral NAC enhancement, non-mass enhancement (NME) type, mass size (> 20 mm), and TND. Summary estimates of the sensitivity and specificity curves and the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve of the MRI features for NAC involvement were calculated using random-effects models. We also calculated the TND cutoffs required to achieve predetermined specificity values. Results: Fifteen studies (n = 4002 breast lesions) were analyzed. The pooled sensitivity and specificity (with 95% confidence intervals) for NAC involvement diagnosis were 71% (58-81) and 94% (91-96), respectively, for continuity to the NAC; 58% (45-70) and 97% (95-99), respectively, for unilateral NAC enhancement; 55% (46-64) and 83% (75-88), respectively, for NME type; and 88% (68-96) and 58% (40-75), respectively, for mass size (> 20 mm). TND had an area under the SROC curve of 0.799 for NAC involvement. A TND of 11.5 mm achieved a predetermined specificity of 85% with a sensitivity of 64%, and a TND of 12.3 mm yielded a predetermined specificity of 83% with a sensitivity of 65%. Conclusion: Continuity to the NAC and unilateral NAC enhancement may help predict occult NAC involvement in breast cancer. To achieve the desired diagnostic performance with TND, a suitable cutoff value should be considered.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.24-31
• /
• 2001

Purpose: Despite knowledge of the adverse effects of resection-line disease, surgeons continue to perform inadequate resections. This demonstrates the need for a more aggressive approach to assessment of resection margins at operation. Materials and Methods: Seven hundred fifteen gastric cancer patients who were operated on at our hospital from 1992 to 1998 were included in this analysis. Various clinicopathological factors, including resection-line involvement, were ascertained from the surgical and histopathological records. Results: Of the 715 evaluable patients, 27 patients ($3.8\%$) had involvement of one or both resection lines; in 10 patients the proximal resection line only, in 16 the distal resection line only, and 1 both resection lines were involved. Presence of resection-line involvement was significantly associated with T3 and T4 stage, N (+) stage, M (+) stage, type of operation (total gastrectomy), tumor location (entire stomach), size$\geq$11 cm), and gross type of tumor (Borrmann 4 type). When performing a distal subtotal gastrectomy, no involvement was found when the cranial and caudal distances between the lesion and the line of transection was equal to or greater than 2 cm and 3 cm, respectively, for early cancer and 7 cm and 3 cm, respectively, for advanced cancer. When performing a total gastrectomy for upper 1/3 or middle 1/3 gastric cancer, no involvement was found when the cranial distances between the lesion and the line of transection were equal to or greater than 3 cm and 4 cm, respectively, without distinction of the presence of serosal invasion. Conclusions: The difference in survival between positive and negative margin patients is limited to the group of patients with curative surgery. An important principle of treatment is that the entire tumor must be removed with a 3 cm distal margin and a 2- to 7 cm margin depending on the location and the depth of wall invasion of the tumor, to provide histologically negative margins.

• 패션비즈니스
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.140-155
• /
• 2023

This study was undertaken to observe the influence of the model image and self-image congruence of consumers in Korean cosmetic advertisements on the advertising attitude and analyze the relationship between self-image congruence and advertising demand type, participation, and advertising effect, and to help develop plans to more effectively communicate advertising images. The experimental design of this study was 2 (self-image congruence: consistency vs. inconsistency) × 2 (advertising appeal: rational appeal vs. emotional appeal) × 2 (involvement: high vs. low) three-way ANOVA. The results of the study showed that the interrelationship between self-image congruence and advertising appeal type and involvement played an important role in determining the advertising attitude. More specifically, firstly, the self-image congruence of consumers in Korean cosmetic advertising affected the advertising attitude. Secondly, in the advertisements of Korean cosmetics, consumers preferred a rational advertising appeal to an emotional advertising appeal. Finally, statistical results showed significant differences in the influence of the interaction effect of the self-image congruence status of consumers and the advertising appeal on the attitude of advertising. The Korean cosmetic involvement of consumers had a significant impact on whether the Korean cosmetic advertising model image and consumer self-image were consistent with the type of advertising appeal and on the interaction effect of advertising attitude.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제34권5호
• /
• pp.29-40
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate body cathexis and clothing involvement by demographic characteristics and to indentify the relationship between body cathexis and clothing involvment. Five aspects of body cathexis(lower body, head/upper body, height, weight, torso) were assessed with 17 Likert type questionnaires adapted from the previous researches, and 24 items of clothing involvement were measured. The questionnaire was administered to 430 women in Taegu, Korea. The data were analyzed using percentage, frequency, factor analysis, ANOVA, Sceffe test, t-test, and Pearson's Correlation Analysis. The results of the study were as follows; 1. The body cathexis showed head/upper body, height, torso, lower body, weight in order of satisfaction level. Especially lower body and weight part were shown as the most unsatisfactory body parts. Age of 20s' showed the lowest body cathexis, and those who had the higher educational background and family income were more satisfied with their bodies. 2. Five dimensions of clothing involvement were derived by factor analysis such as fashion, interest, pleasure, symbolism, and perceived buying risk. 3. There were significant relationships between clothing involvement dimensions and demographic characteristics such as age, educational background and family income level. Those who were younger showed positive relationship partially among fashion, interest and pleasure of clothing dimensions but showed negative relationship in total clothing involvement. Those who had higher educational background and family income showed positive clothing involvement than married women and empolyed showed higher clothing involvement with symbolism and perceived buying risk than unemployed women partially but not in total clothing involvement with symbolism and perceived buying risk than unemployed women partially but not in total clothing involvement. 4. There were significant relationships between body cathexis and interest, perceived buying risk of clothing involvement partially. However, the correlation between body cathexis and total clothing involvement was relatively low.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제26권8호
• /
• pp.1196-1204
• /
• 2002

This research was to see if the fashion product ads are standardized or differentiated, and to find what were the determinants if any differentiation existed. The purpose of this study was to identify cultural characteristics significant on marketing fashion produce. In addition, the relative importance of product appeals between rational and emotional in the fashion ads was examined. Hofstede's(l991) three cultural characteristics dimensions such as individualism-collectivism, power distance, masculinity-femininity were used. Content analysis was applied in the study. Magazine ads of apparel, cosmetics and accessories were collected from France, Japan, Korea and the US in 1999-2000. Cultural characteristics of the fashion ads were evaluated and compared in terms of country, product type and product involvement. Also ten consumption appeals were examined for county and product type. ANOVA, Duncan test and $X^2$ test were applied to analyze data. The results were shown as follows: First, all the cultural characteristics such as individualism-collectivism, power distance, and femininity-masculinity were different among countries. Second, two product appeals were significantly different among countries. Hedonic appeals were dominant fur France and the US while those were not for Korea and Japan. Third, product involvement level had significant impact on power distance characteristic and product appeals. Ads of high involvement fashion goods showed larger power distance and more emotional appeals. In conclusion, global fashion ads should be differentiated in terms of some cultural characteristics and product appeals.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• 제13권11호
• /
• pp.5505-5510
• /
• 2012

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study is to analyze the clinical and pathological factors related to the prognosis of Chinese patients with stage Ib to IIb cervical cancer. Methods and Results: 13 clinical pathological factors in 255 patients with stage Ib to IIb cervical cancer undergoing radical hysterectomy and systematic lymphadenectomy were analyzed to screen for factors related to prognosis. The cumulative 5-year survival of the 255 patients was 75.7%. The result of the univariate analysis suggested that clinical stage, cell differentiation, depth of cervical stromal invasion, parametrial tissue involvement, and lymph node metastasis were prognostic factors for patients with stage Ib to IIb cervical cancer (P<0.05). Compared with cases with involvement of iliac nodes, obturator nodes, or inguinal lymph nodes, cases with metastasis to the common iliac lymph nodes had a poorer prognosis (P<0.05). Cases with involvement of four or more lymph nodes had a poorer prognosis than those with involvement of three or fewer lymph nodes (P<0.05). Using multivariate Cox proportional hazards model regression analysis, non-squamous histological type, poor differentiation, parametrial tissue involvement, and outer 1/3 stromal invasion were found to be independently related to patients poor prognosis (P<0.05). Conclusion: Non-squamous histological type, poor cell differentiation, parametrial tissue involvement, and outer 1/3 stromal invasion are the independent poor prognostic factors for patients with stage Ib to IIb cervical cancer.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.131-140
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to clarify differences in consumer's advertising attitude related to type of mobile fashion advertising and level of apparel and advertising involvement groups. This study surveyed consumers who have an experience of receiving mobile fashion advertising. The subjects of this study were men and women aged 10-20 years of age, living in the metropolitan area and judgments sampling was employed. The data were obtained from 480 questionnaires. The measurement instruments were modified and made up by researcher on the basis of previous studies in the same field. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 11. Major statistical methods were Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, regression analysis, and descriptive statistics. The results were as follows: First, differences in effectiveness of fashion ads in both images ad and text messages ad were shown in this study. Respondents preferred images ad to left messages ad only. Also purchase intentions were more preferred by images ad. Second, the differences of consumer's advertising attitude were shown according to level of apparel and advertising involvement groups. The high apparel and ad involvement group was more likely to have a preferable attitude to the ads than the low apparel and ad involvement group. Third, consumer's purchase intentions were influenced by consumer's advertising attitude on two type's ad. The conclusion is that images ad will have great potential for fashion ads by mobile phones in the future. Also consumer attitude between other mobile advertising types must be studied in order to gain further insight into fashion advertising by mobile phone.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.15-40
• /
• 2008

With the explosive growth of the Internet, Internet shopping malls have become recognized as one of the major purchasing channels for consumers, as well as one of the competitive distribution channels for companies that allow them to contact with customers without intermediaries. It has motivated information systems(IS) researchers to examine the factors influencing consumer behavior and the purchase decision process in the context of Internet shopping malls. Despite the extensive research that has been conducted on the purchase decision process of consumers in online shopping malls, the results have demonstrated a need for further understanding of consumer behavior due to the unique features of virtual space and the characteristics of online consumers. Previous studies from marketing and consumer behavior domains have suggested that the concept of involvement plays an important role in explaining consumers' purchase behavior. Despite the critical role of involvement and the explosive growth of e-commerce, little research has examined the role of involvement in the Internet shopping mall context. With this motivation, this study has two research objectives. First, it introduces and tests an theoretical model capable of better explaining consumers' intention to purchase in the Internet shopping mall context. The proposed model extends and integrates existing models on purchase intention by incorporating purchase experience, innovativeness, and perceived self-control as the consumer factors, along with perceived risk, information provision, and perceived price as the Internet shopping mall factors. Second, this study examines how involvement differences may affect consumers' intention to purchase. For this purpose, two factors from involvement theory, involvement type and involvement level, are introduced into the research model as moderating variables. In order to test the proposed model, the overall approach employed was a field study using the structural equation model. We developed our data collection instrument by adopting existing validated questions wherever possible. All question items were measured with a seven-point, Likert-type scale, with anchors ranging from 'strongly disagree' to 'strongly agree.' Two IS researchers reviewed the instrument and checked its face validity. We collected empirical data for this study over a period of two weeks from subjects who had purchase experiences through Internet shopping malls. A total of 473 complete and valid responses were obtained. We carried out data analysis using a two-step methodology with AMOS 4.0. The first step in the data analysis was to establish the convergent and discriminant validity of the constructs. In the second step, we examined the structural model based on the cleansed measurement model. The empirical results partly support the proposed model and identify the moderating effect of involvement differences. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed, along with its limitations.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.73-84
• /
• 1981

The purpose of this study was to examine the conjugal role structure in the purchasing decision process : problem precognition, information seeking and evaluating, final decision, and actually making the purchase, through a survey of the degree of conjugal involvement. The specific objectives were 1) to examine the conjugal role structure and differences at each phase of the decision process in purchasing of residence and twelve durable household consumer goods, 2) to determine the differences between conjugal role structure in each phase of the purchasing decision process and conjugal demographic factors(number of years married, conjugal education level, conjugal occupation, and income). Questionnaires were given to randomly selected husbands and wives in /seoul I October, 1980. data from the 275 responses were analyzed by percentage, mean, and F-test(analysis of variance). The results are as follows : 1) The conjugal role structure for the purchasing decision process of residence and twelve durable household consumer goods was analyzed by percent. It was found that role structure was specialized by the type of item. for instance, furniture and home appliances were purchased by wives; amusement goods and cars were purchased by husbands' and residence was purchased by joint. However, conjugal role structure in the purchasing decision process differed by phased of process : (1) Wives involvement in the phase of problem recognition was greater than their involvement in information seeking and evaluating, but husbands' involvement a in the phase of information seeking and evaluating was slightly greater than their involvement in problem recognition. (2) Husbands' involvement in the phase of making the final decision was far greater than their involvement I information seeking and evaluating. (3) Wives' involvement in the actually making of the purchase was far greater than their involvement in making the final decision. 2) Only one among conjugal demographic factors was significantly related to conjugal role structure. That, is, conjugal role structure in the purchasing decision process showed that the wives' involvement I making the final decision and in actually making the purchase increased with number of years married.

• 한국생활과학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.677-691
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of make-up attitude and body-related value on clothing behavior. The subjects were 315 female college students in Gyeongsang provinces. The obtained data were analyzed by reliability analysis, factor analysis, cluster analysis, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and t-test. The major results of this study were as follows: First, four factors of make-up attitude were identified: pursuit of confidence, sociality, self-satisfaction, and positive image. Second, the subjects were categorized into three different types of groups according to make-up attitude and body-related value, respectively: high involvement type, low involvement type, and middle involvement type. Third, there was significant difference among three groups which were segmented by each make-up attitude and body-related value on clothing behaviors (sexual attractiveness, showing off, body-enhancement). Fourth, a significant positive correlation was found among four factors of make-up attitude and body operatability with clothing behaviors. Fifth, the important variables that affected the clothing behaviors were pursuit of confidence, self-satisfaction, and positive image of make-up attitude. Sixth, body-inclination significantly influenced sexual attractiveness of clothing behavior, whereas body-related value, unlike make-up attitude, only had marginal influence.