• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.21-24
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• 1995

The larger and the more complicated the system size and configuration grow, the more serious the system loss problem becomes. Exessive system loss causes severs system voltage depression, which even may result in system voltage collapse. This paper proposes an effective tool for minimizing the system power loss by optimal re-location of the static condenser based on the system loss sensitivity index .lambda.$_{Q}$. It is possible to determine the optimal location and amount of VAR investment for minimizing the system loss by priority of .lambda.$_{Q}$ index given for each bus. Several computational techniques for avoiding divergency of the load flow solution are proposed. The loss sensitivity index .lambda.$_{Q}$ uses information of normal power flow equations and their Jacobians. Two case studies proved the effectiveness of the algorithm proposed.posed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.19 no.4 s.68
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• pp.94-100
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• 2004

This study delivers the actual condition of investment for industrial accident prevention based on survey of 500 construction sites from 'reports for industry safety and health' published by Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency (KOSHA). The various research techniques were used such as technical statistic analysis for construction industry, cost comparison of industrial accident prevention and accident loss. A formula was deduced to calculate accident loss and accident frequency by accident prevention cost through regression analysis.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2015

Collective intelligence can be an influential factor of decision-making based on collaboration and information exchange between individuals. Our study explores whether collective intelligence can mitigate the loss aversion effect, bias and error in human judgment, and collective intelligence in online communities can reduce the loss aversion effect. Our community settings display both individual-level and group-level loss aversion effect, investigate effective collective intelligence characteristics like investment commitment, participant experience. Using a multi-method approach our research comprises a web-based experiment with 100 participants investing 3 situations from a real-world community, data from a survey measuring loss aversion behavior of participants. The results suggest the loss aversion effect mitigates under the online-circumstance. Overall, our results suggest that, while collective intelligence mitigates the loss aversion effect, participants do not transfer these results to other settings.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2004.11b
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• pp.85-87
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• 2004

In the past, TR-cost was collected the combination of energy cost. When power market is restructured. TR-cost is collected the separated form of loss-cost, congestion-cost and maintenance-cost. One of thorn, loss-cost is computed by using TR loss-factor. We need correct and fair standards of loss factor to offer economical signal and to protect against confusions of investment and bidding. Therefore, we propose the method of minimizing system loss-cost that is based on fair and correct loss-factor.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.1-20
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• 1999

This study aims to provide distributors with several implications on the channel strategy by testing factors which influence on the offsetting investment. Medium-sized distributor facing a relatively inferior power can cause profit vulnerability from large manufacurer's opportunistic behaviors. At the same time, we tested the relationship commitment to the relation with manufacturer as another alternative strategy taken by medium-sized distributer. For this research, samples from dealers in oil-petroleum refinery industry were selected and the data was collected using mail survey. The data was analyzed utilizing validity test, reliability test, factor analysis, correlation analysis and LISREL. The major analyzed results are as follows: First, the offsetting investment of preventing loss from manufacturer's opportunism didn't affect medium-sized distributor's sales empirically. Second, the hypothesis that the more the medium-sized distributor's transaction specific assets which they invest in the transactional relationship with manufacturer, the more the safeguard against the expected opportunism of manufacturer was not supported by the results. Third, the more use of coercive power by the manufacturer, the more increase in the perception of expected opportunism of manufacturer by the medium-sized distributor, it make stimulates offsetting investment as safeguard by medium-sized distributor and it has negative effect on developing commitment. Finally, the large manufactures dealing with a medium-sized distributor firm which had a reputation of fairness didn't make offsetting investment as a response for distributor's opportunism.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.237-244
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the effect of information related to the largest shareholder's change on the likelihood of reporting a loss for firms listed on the Korea Exchange. Specifically, this study conducts a logit regression analysis to examine the firm's loss reporting with frequent changes in the largest shareholder among the largest shareholder change types. So, it controls the impact of a firm's loss reporting, such as the previous year's loss reporting and discretionary accruals. As a result of the analysis, firms whose largest shareholder have changed more than 2 times in the accounting period are found to have higher firm risk in loss reporting than other firms. The results of this analysis confirm that frequent changes in the largest shareholder, which are disclosures of investment risks on the Korea Exchange, may result in investment risk situations such as loss reporting.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.85-101
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• 2022

Derivative-linked securities (DLS) is a type of derivatives that offer an agreed return when the underlying asset price moves within a specified range by the maturity date. The underlying assets of DLS are diverse such as interest rates, exchange rates, crude oil, or gold. A German 10-year bond rate-linked DLS and a USD-GBP CMS rate-linked DLS have recently become a social issue in Korea due to a huge loss to investors. In this regard, this paper accounts for the payoff structure of these products and evaluates their prices and fair coupon rates as well as risk measures such as Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Tail-Value-at-Risk (TVaR). We would like to examine how risky these products were and whether or not their coupon rates were appropriate. We use Hull-White Model as the stochastic model for the underlying assets and Monte Carlo (MC) methods to obtain numerical results. The no-arbitrage prices of the German 10-year bond rate-linked DLS and the USD-GBP CMS rate-linked DLS at the center of the social issue turned out to be 0.9662% and 0.9355% of the original investment, respectively. Considering that Korea government bond rate for 2018 is about 2%, these values are quite low. The fair coupon rates that make the prices of DLS equal to the original investment are computed as 4.76% for the German 10-year bond rate-linked DLS and 7% for the USD-GBP CMS rate-linked DLS. Their actual coupon rates were 1.4% and 3.5%. The 95% VaR and TVaR of the loss for German 10-year bond rate-linked DLS are 37.30% and 64.45%, and those of the loss for USD-GBP CMS rate-linked DLS are 73.98% and 87.43% of the initial investment. Summing up the numerical results obtained, we could see that the DLS products of our interest were indeed quite unfavorable to individual investors.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.702-714
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• 2013

South Korea, China and Japan is struggling for a new economic growth and facing new challenges and difficulties in foreign investment. In this paper, I Studied on the Legal System and Limits or Rules on the Investment Between Korea, China and Japan. First, FTA between Korea, Chin. The trade and economic relations and the investment flows between the three countries were examined. Based on the background of the three countries, it has been studied on the Legal System and Rules in the foreign investment Between Korea, China and Japan. Based on this, and the following were examined. What are the major limits in the foreign investment Between Korea, China and Japan? In the future, what should be included on the FTA investment chapter in FTA between Korea, China and Japan in order to facilitate more investment? FTA between Korea, China and Japan would be an effective means to strengthen the protection of investors and investment facilitation, and investment flows between the three countries will be activated. In the future, FTA between Korea, China and Japan is expected to further promote investment among the three countries. In this regard, in the future, the FTA investment chapter in FTA between Korea, China and Japan should include NT(National Treatment), MFN(Most-Favoured-Nation (Treatment)), Prohibition of the implementation of specific measures, the nationality requirements of management or the board of directors, movement of funds, safeguard measures, expropriation and compensation, compensation for loss, fair and equitable treatment, the settlement of disputes between foreign investors and investment promotion country(Investor-State Dispute Settlement), and other agreement between the three countries.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.91-100
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• 2014

While IT security investment of organizations has been increased, the amount of the monetary loss of organizations caused by IT security breaches did not decrease as much as their expectation. Also, from surveys, it was discovered that the poor usage of their security budget thwarted the improvement of the organization's security level. In this paper, to resolve the poor usage of security budget of organizations, we propose a comprehensive economic model for determining the optimal amount of investment in security solutions, including the proactive security solutions(PSSs) and the reactive security solutions(RSSs). Using the proposed analytical model under different parameters of security solutions, we show the optimal condition to maximize the expected net benefits from IT security investment of organizations. Also, we verify the common belief that the optimal level of investment in security solutions is an increasing function of vulnerability. Through simulations, we find the optimal level of IT security investment, given parameters of different characteristics of security solutions.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.49-65
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• 2017

Financial products entail either gains or losses, and customers' psychological reaction to these gains and losses affect the selection of the financial products. This study explains the financial customers' behavior by introducing consumers' psychological variables such as loss aversion and construal levels. According to the construal level theory, people use more abstract and higher levels of construal to represent objects that are more distant on psychological distance. Based on extant research about loss aversion and construal levels, this study proposes two hypotheses and test the hypotheses. The experimental study examines how loss aversion affects the choice between deposit products and fund products in short-term and long-term investment situations. In the long-term condition the respondents prefer fund products to deposit products, whereas in the short-term condition the respondents have showed the opposite result. Also, the effects of loss aversion on preferences for financial products have interacted with the time horizon of investments. Implications and limitations are discussed to establish more effective marketing strategies based on the results of this study.