• 품질경영학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.551-568
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• 2018

Purpose: This study addressed the relationship between technological innovation activity and management efficiency of Korean automobile firms. We tested the hypothesis of non-liner relationship of innovation activity in relation to management efficiency. Methods: We discussed prior literature in the firm innovation strategy and management efficiency studies to provide better understanding of relationships between technological innovation activity and management efficiency. As a result, we developed develop and tested a model (Inverted-U shaped) capturing the non-linear impact of technological innovation activity. While we used R&D expenditure and patent registration data for measuring firms' innovation activity, management efficiency was evaluated by using DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis). Results: Main findings of our empirical analysis indicated that the relationships between technological innovation activity and management efficiency was inverted U shaped. This implied that the relationship between technological innovation and management efficiency is inverted U-shaped non-linear, with management efficiency increasing up to a point, beyond which higher levels of R&D and patent registration activities led to a decrease in management efficiency. Conclusion: This study empirically assessed the inconclusive findings of previous research in the area of effects of innovation activities in relation to firm performance. The paper also provided theoretical and practical implications for firms who explore efficient strategy to promote the management performance through technological innovation activities. Future research directions with the limitation of the study was discussed.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2017

A compact planar microstrip-fed ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with a dual band-notched for UWB application is presented and analyzed. By inserting a U-shaped slot and inverted U-shaped slot into the pot-shaped radiator, two notched bands are achieved. By optimizing the width and length of the U-shaped slots and inverted U-shaped slot, a desired bandwidth of voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) less than 2.0 can be achieved, ranging from UWB bands with notched dual bands. The proposed antenna is fabricated on an inexpensive FR-4 substrate with overall dimensions of $28.0mm{\times}39.5mm$. The measured results confirm that the proposed antenna covers from 1.775 to over 13.075 GHz with two rejection bands of around 3.325-3.925 GHz and 5.3125-6.025 GHz. In addition, the proposed antenna showed good radiation characteristics and gains in the UWB bands.

• 웰빙융합연구
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2020

As people's income rises dramatically, people's happiness seems not as high as expected. In fact, there are two different arguments about the relationship between income level and happiness. The focus of the debate is whether the correlation between income and probability of happiness is positive or negative. Therefore, we hypothesizes that the relationship between income and probability of happiness presents an inverted U-shaped curve. Then, this paper sets China as an example to explore the effect of income on happiness. The data from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) in 2015 is employed to conduct empirical analyses under the Probit model and the Zero-Inflation-Passion model. The empirical findings indicate that the effect of income on happiness presents an inverted U-shaped curve and significantly in statistic. Meanwhile, spouse's income, educational level, marriage time and house property have a positive and significant effect on happiness. Conversely, age and local living standards have a negative and significant effect on happiness. Unfortunately, even though registered residence and children have a negative effect on happiness, they do not get through the significant test. In order to ensure the robustness of our empirical results, we test the robustness of the above empirical results by adjusting the sample size. The results of robustness test verify that our empirical results are robust. Moreover, this paper also makes a small contribution to the current literature with a sample from China.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2016

A compact ultra-wide band antenna with a quadruple band-notched characteristic is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of a slotted trapezoid patch radiator, an inverted U-shaped band stop filter, a pair of C-shaped band stop filters, and a rectangular ground plane. To realize the quadruple notch-band characteristic, a U-shaped slot, a complementary split ring resonator, an inverted U-shaped band stop filter, and two C-shaped band stop filters are utilized in this antenna. The antenna satisfies the -10 dB reflection coefficient bandwidth requirement in the frequency band of 2.88-12.67 GHz, with a band-rejection characteristic in the WiMAX (3.43-3.85 GHz), WLAN (5.26-6.01 GHz), X-band satellite communication (7.05-7.68 GHz), and ITU 8 GHz (8.08-8.87 GHz) signal bands. In addition, the proposed antenna has a compact volume of $30mm{\times}33.5mm{\times}0.8mm$ while maintaining omnidirectional patterns in the H-plane. The experimental and simulated results of the proposed antenna are shown to be in good agreement.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2020

This study analyzed whether the diffusion of new and renewable energy contributed to mitigating emissions of various air pollutants, including particulate matter, using panel econometric models. The theoretical foundation of such econometric models is based on the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, which assumes an inverted U-shaped relation between national income and environmental pollution, as originally proposed by Grossman and Krueger. We examined whether there are inverted U-, U-shaped, or N-shaped relations between national income and air pollution. We demonstrate that increases in new and renewable energy significantly mitigated emissions of CO, NO_X, and PM2.5. Additionally, we included NO_X, SO_X, PM10, and VOCs as secondary emission sources of PM2.5 and found that emission of PM10 resulted in the highest PM2.5 emissions, followed by NO_X and SO_X emissions. The impact of new and renewable energy on air pollution varied across regions. Increase of new and renewable energy in the Honam region significantly mitigated CO, NO_X, and TSP emissions, while that in the Youngnam and metropolitan areas did not significantly mitigate air pollution overall. There was a U-shaped relationship between air pollution and national income for CO, NO_X, PM2.5, and SO_X, while an inverted N-shape was observed for PM10.

• 지식경영연구
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.41-66
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• 2010

This research examines the effect of the relatedness and the gap between Resources and mechanisms on effectiveness of inter-organizational knowledge transfer. According to the literature, there has been a competing theory between two claims; one is that inter-organizational knowledge transfer will be more effective due to the reduction of the transaction cost as the relatedness increases. And the other is that the mutual complementarity of different organizational characteristics will increase synergy. In total, the relatedness and the gap of the Resource and mechanism makes the inverted U-shaped relationship with the inter-organizational knowledge transfer. As the result of empirical analysis about 109 Korean-based Joint Ventures entered country, it shows that the relatedness of parent company's production Resources, learning mechanisms, and coordination mechanisms made the inverted U-shaped relations with the inter-organizational knowledge transfer and the gap of production Resources and adjustment mechanism formed the same relationship. However, the U-shaped relationship has been established in the relatedness of market Resources, but the gap of market Resources and the learning mechanism was not statistically significant. Through this study, I can draw a best conclusion that the inter-organizational knowledge transfer will be more effective when the relatedness and the gap of management resources and mechanisms is in optimal level. However, when it comes to market Resources, it can be inferred that the result could be the opposite because the partner country's market environment would be different.

• 재무관리연구
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.141-163
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• 2009

Using the extensive datasets, I analyze the effect of tick size changes on the intraday patterns of spread and depth. I show that intraday variations in spread (depth) are greater (smaller) with smaller tick size during the early hour of trading and become smaller (larger) during the last hour of trading. And the standardized spreads (depths) are quoted at the lower (higher) levels as the tick size becomes smaller. I also find that U-shaped intraday spread pattern changes to the reverse flat S-shape while inverted U-shaped depth pattern does to the flat S-shape.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.194-198
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• 2005

UNII(Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure) 밴드에서 대 역 저지 특성을 갖는 새로운 형태의 UWB 통신용 마이크로스트립 급전 원형 패치 안테나를 제안한다. 안테나의 대역 저지 특성은 inverted-U 슬랏을 이용하여 구현한다. 제안한 안테나는 inverted-U 슬랏의 길이를 변화시켜 대역 저지 주파수 범위를 결정한다. 측정된 안테나의 대역폭은 VSWR<2를 기준으로 $2.9\~12.1GHz$에 걸쳐 광대역 특성을 만족하며 $4.9\~6GHz$ 부근에서 대역저지 특성을 갖는다 안테나의 복사 패턴은 모포폴과 비슷한 전 방향성 특성을 나타내며 전 동작 주파수 대역에 걸쳐 균일한 이득 특성을 갖는다.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.233-254
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• 2023

Purpose - This study aims to verify whether the effect of tax avoidance on corporate value is non-linear in the Korean financial markets. Design/methodology/approach - This study believes that the cause of the inconsistent empirical analysis results of previous studies that verified the relationship between tax avoidance and firm value may be an error in assuming linearity, and verifies whether a nonlinear relationship exists. The sample company in this study is a December settlement corporation listed on the Korean stock market, and the analysis period is from 2000 to 2021. In the empirical analysis model, Tobin's Q is used as a proxy for corporate value, tax avoidance is used as the main independent variable, and a regression model is designed with corporate size, growth rate, and debt ratio set as control variables. Findings - As a result of the empirical analysis, it can be confirmed that there is an inverted U-shaped nonlinear relationship between tax avoidance and corporate value. In the additional analysis using Ohlson (1995) firm valuation model for the robustness of the results of the empirical analysis, the same nonlinear value relationship between tax avoidance can be confirmed. Research implications or Originality - This study is considered to be meaningful in that it verifies the non-linear relationship of tax avoidance, which has not been attempted in previous studies. The meaning of the inverted U-shaped nonlinear relationship presented in this study is that corporate tax avoidance acts as a factor that increases corporate value up to a certain level, but rather becomes a factor that decreases corporate value when it exceeds a critical point. These results are expected to provide new perspectives and perspectives on tax avoidance to companies belonging to the Korean capital market.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.1021-1030
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to develop and make the head form by setting the region of the head for detailed measurement of the head to make the type of closely fit hat and typifying the head form of Korean women's with each region of the head based on the measurements of each region of the head according characteristics. A total of 285 Korean women's in the age group of 18 to 35 years old. It were measured through the direct measurement method by selecting 67 measurement items. As a result of the findings obtained from cluster analysis could be classified into 3 type. Type 1($46\%$) is U-shaped form, that is high in head height on sides and circumference is smallest, whose facial region and occiput is flattest of three types. Type 2($22.4\%$) is inverted triangle form, that is flat in head ridge, low in head height on sides and wide in the frontal width. Type 3($31.6\%$) is oval form, that is largest in size, has the projected occiput and is of three-dimensional form.