• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 1991

Inulin degradation was examined using patially puriiied enzyme mixtures of the Exo-inulinase from a Bacillus spp. and the Endo-inulinase from a Pseudomonas spp.. The highest synergistic xtion of the two cnzymcs was observcd when the Exo- and the Endo-inulinase werc mixed at the ratio of 1 to 13, and the rate of hydrolysis of the above process was enhanced approximately 1.6 times I1ight.1- than that of the reaction catalysed with a single enzyme of the same units. The enzymc mixture showed the maximal activity at pH 6.0 and $55^{\circ}C$, and in the prescncc of 0.5 mM each of $CO^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$. Under the optimal condition described above fructosu was accumulated with the overitll concentration of 84% after 36 hours of the reiiction.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 1990

Dynamic characteristics of separation in membrane filtration system of tangential flow was investigated to find the functional relationship among the filtrate flux, transmembrane pressure, inulin concentration and recirculation rate. In case that NMWL is 1000, tracts-membrane pressure $0.4kgf/\;{\textrm{cm}^2}$ to $3.2kgf/\;{\textrm{cm}^2}$, inulin concentration lwt% to 5wt%, and recirculation rate 4ml / sec, mathematical model for the function among filtrate flux, transmembrane pressure, and inulin concentration was deduced and expressed as follows.Jv = (0.0022p + 0.0003) ln \frac{3p\;+\;2.1}{C_b}$ The values calculated by the above equation and those measured were compared to find to be nicely in accord with each other. Especially the agreement was enhanced in the region of higher concentration of inulin.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1975

From the study of movements of $Ca^{++}$ in frog cardiac muscle, Niedergerke (1963) postulated that $Ca^{++}$ necessary for the cardiac contraction is stored in a specific pool. Langer et al (1967) and DeCaro (1967) also found a close relationship between the change of $Ca^{++}$ flux kinetics and the change of contractile force. According to the studies of several investigators, Ca II (Bailey and Dressel 1968) or phase I and II (Langer 1965, Langer et al 1967, 1971) in the $Ca^{++}$ washout curve was associated with cardiac contractility. This investigation was aimed to elucidate the anatomical region of the contractile active $Ca^{++}$ pool. At the same time, it was assumed in this study that $Ca^{++}$ in the sarcoplasmic reticulumn represents one of the major intracellular $Ca^{++}$ pool and cardiac contractility was also dependent on the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ concentration. Consequently, this experiment was performed at different temperatures to activate to activate inhibit the deactivating process of activated $Ca^{++}$ in the intracellular space to see if changes in the contractility decay curve existed at different temperatures. The isolated hearts of rabbits and turtles (Amyda maackii) were attached to the perfusion apparatus according to the method employed by Bailey and Dressel (1968). The isolated hearts were initally perfused with a full Ringer solution containing 2 mg/ml of inulin for 1 hr, and then $Ca^{++}$ and inulin-free Ringer solution was perfused while the isometric tension was recorded and a serial sample of perfusion fluid dripping from the cardiac apex was collected for 10 sec throughout experimental period. The above procedure was performed at $23^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ and $38^{\circ}C$ on the rabbit heart and $10{\sim}13^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$ on the turtle heart. After determination of $Ca^{++}$ and inulin concentration of the samples, the $Ca^{++}$, inulin washout curve and the contractile tensin decay curve were analysed according to the method of Riggs (1963). The results were summarized as follows; 1. In the rabbit heart, there are 2 inulin compartments, 3 $Ca^{++}$ compartments and sing1e exponential decay of contractile tension. In the turtle heart, there are $1{\sim}2$ inulin compartments, $1{\sim}2$ $Ca^{++}$ compartments and $1{\sim}2$ phases of contractile tension decay. The fact that the inulin space was divided into 3 compartments in the washout curve in these hearts indicates the presence of heterogeneity in cardiac perfusion, i.e., overfused and underperfused area. 2. Ca I a9d Ca II in these hearts were found to have $Ca^{++}$ in the ECF compartments because their half times in the washout curves were far smaller than those of the inulin washout curves in the rabbit heart and similar to those of the inulin washout curves in the turtle heart. Ca III in the rabbit heart may have originated from the intracellular $Ca^{++}$ store. But no Ca III in the turtle heart was found. This may be due to the fact that the iutracellular $Ca^{++}$ pool in the turtle heart was too small to detect using this experimental procedure since sarcoplasmic reticulumn in the turtle heart is poorly developed. 3. In the rabbit heart, there were no chages in the half time of Ca I, Ca II, inulin I and inulin II at different temperatures, but the half time of Ca III was significantly prolonged at lower temperatures, and the half time of the contractile tension decay tended to be prolonged at lower temperatures but this was not significant. In the turtle heart, there were no changes in the half time of Ca I, Ca II, inulin 1, inulin II and phase I of the contractile tension decay at different temperatures, but the half time of phase II of the contractile tension decay was significantly prolonged at lower temperatures. This finding indicates that intracellu!ar $Ca^{++}$ in these hearts was also responsible particulary for maintaining the cardiac contractility at the lower temperatures. 4. The half times of contractile tension decay were shorter than those of Ca II in the $Ca^{++}$ washout curves in both animal hearts. According to the above results it was shown that $Ca^{++}$ in ECF is primarily and $Ca^{++}$ in the intracellular space is partially associated with the cardic contractility.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.877-880
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• 2000

Cycloinulooligosaccharide fructanotransferase (CFTase) converts inulin into cyclooligosaccharides consisting of six to eight molecules $\beta$-($2\rightarrow1$)-linked cyclic D-fructofuranose through intramolecular transfructosylation. We have examined the regulation of CFTase synthesis in Bacillus macerans and Bacillus subtilis. Synthesis of the CFTase was induced by inulin and it was subject to carbon catabolite repression (CCR) by glucose in both microorganisms. The DNA sequence upstream of the promoter of the CFTase gene was not involved in the inulin induction and glucose repression of the CFTase gene expression in B. subtilis. This suggests that the DNA element(s) responsible for the inuline induction and glucose repression is located downstream of the promoter region. Unexpectedly, the CCR of the expression of CFTase gene was observed not to be dependent on CcpA protein in B. subtilis.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.471-476
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• 1999

Inulin fructotransferase(depolymerizing)(EC 2.4.1.93)(inulaseII) which converts inulin into di-D-fructofuranose-1,2':2,3'-dianhydride (DFAIII) was purified from Arthrobacter ureafaciens KCTC 3387 using column chromatography on DEAE-Toyopearl 650M and gel filtration of Sephadex G-200. The enzyme was purified 7-fold with a yield of 11% from a culture supernatant. The purified enzyme gave a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 45,000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme reaction were pH6.5~7.0 and $55{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme was stable within a pH range of 5.0 to 10.6 and up to $60^{\circ}C$. The Km of this enzyme for DFAIII production was 11.9mM. The enzyme was inactivated by $Hg^{2+}$ and after exhaustive digestion of inulin by this enzyme, 1-kestose and nystose were produced in addition of DFAIII.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1555-1558
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• 2015

Administration of dietary fibers has various health benefits, mainly by increasing numbers of beneficial bacteria and enhancing production of short-chain fatty acids in the colon. There has been growing interest in the addition of dietary fiber to human diet, due to its prebiotic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the prebiotic activity of inulin using an in vitro batch fermentation system with human fecal microbiota. Fermentation of inulin resulted in a significantly greater ratio of Lactobacillus or Bifidobacteria to Enterobacteria strains as an index of healthy human intestine and elevated butyrate concentration, which are related to improvement of gut health.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.695-700
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• 2007

The cycloinulooligosaccharide fructanotransferase (CFTase) gene (cft) from Paenibacillus macerans (GenBank access code AF222787) was expressed on the cell surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by fusing with Aga2p linked to the membrane-anchored protein Aga1p. The surface display of CFTase was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy and enzymatic assay. The optimized reaction conditions of surface-displayed CFTase were as follows; pH, 8.0; temperature, $50^{\circ}C$; enzyme amount, 30 milliunit; substrate concentration, 5%; inulin source, Jerusalem artichoke. As a result of the reaction with inulin, cycloinulohexaose was produced as a major product along with cycloinuloheptaose and cycloinulooctaose as minor products.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.77-81
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• 2001

Regulation of inulinase biosynthesis was studied in Bacillus sphaericus 188-1 Biosynthesis of inulinase was effectively induced in the presence of 0.5% inulin for 8 hrs. Fructose (0.5%) repressed the inulinase induction by inulin and as late as addition time of fructose, inulinase formation was decreased. Catabolite repression was not reduced by the addition of CAMP for 8 hrs of induction.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.358-363
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• 1993

The effect of ultrasound on the acid hydrolysis of inulin was studied under significantly mild reaction conditions, at which sugar degradation products were not detected. Reaction conditions were i the range of 50~$60^{\circ}C$ and 0.1~0.3%(w/w) of HCl concentrations. The effects of reactor position inside water bath and mechanical agitation under ultrasound were investigated. The production rates of fructose with/without ultrasound irradiation were compared. The activation energies for both control and ultrasound reaction were the same, i. e., 25kca1/mo1, and ultrasound enhancement was average 22%.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.510-519
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• 2018

Synbiotics are a combination of probiotics and prebiotics, which lead to synergistic benefits in host welfare. Probiotics have been used as an alternative to antibiotics. Among the probiotics, Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) has shown excellent antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) as a major poultry pathogen and has improved the production performances of animals. Inulin is widely used as a prebiotic for the improvement of animal health and growth. The main aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of inulin nanoparticle (IN)-internalized PA encapsulated into alginate/chitosan/alginate (ACA) microcapsules (MCs) for future in vivo application. The prepared phthalyl INs (PINs) were characterized by DLS and FE-SEM. The contents of phthal groups in the PINs were estimated by $^1H-NMR$ measurement as 25.1 mol.-%. The sizes of the PINs measured by DLS were approximately 203 nm. Internalization into PA was confirmed by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The antimicrobial activity of PIN-internalized probiotics encapsulated into ACA MCs was measured by coculture antimicrobial assays on SG. PIN-internalized probiotics had a higher antimicrobial ability than that of ACA MCs loaded with PA/inulin or PA. Interestingly, when PINs were treated with PA and encapsulated into ACA MCs, as a natural antimicrobial peptide, pediocin was produced much more in the culture medium compared with other groups with inulin-loaded ACA MCs and PA encapsulated into ACA MCs.