• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.500-514
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• 1997

With respect to the amphibolites in the Mungyong area of the central part of the Ogcheon Fold Belt, detail field occurrence, texture and geochemical properties within each sills and petrogenetic environment are presented. We confirmed that the amphibolites in the Sangnaeri Formation (Ogcheon Supergroup) and limestone(Cambro-Ordovician Chosun Supergroup) sequences are metamorphosed dolerite sills which are roughly concordant to bedding of country rocks. Geologic distribution of the rocks is distinctly improved compared with those of previous investigations. There are four main sills so far observed in the study area. One is emplaced in limestone(Ls Sill, about 3 m thick) and the others are emplaced in Sangnaeri Formation, which are named First Sill(about 40 m thick), Second Sill(about 100 m thick) and Third Sill(about 40 m thick) from lower to upper horizons of the meta-pelitic sequences. The thick sills are intruded by minor sills and the Third Sill is a composite sill consisting of two main and two minor sills. Each sill has fine grained chilled marginal zones and grain size increases inwards from both contacts. The Second Sill has various vein and white patch in central part and the rock compositions vary systematically from margin to central part. $SiO_2,\;Na_2O,\;K_2O\;and\;P_2O_5$ increase, whereas $TiO_2,\;FeO,\;Al_2O_3\;and\;CaO$ decrease toward the contort. We investigate the major and trace element variations of ten selected rock compositions as intruding initial magma take occurrence and chemical properties into consideration. The compositional variations of them can not be explained by fractionation crystallization of single magma. Geologic distribution, geochemical properties and previous data suggest that amphibolite precursors(basaltic magma) of the study area were intrusive as sill-like in an intracontinental rift environment.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.1 s.43
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• pp.25-38
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• 2006

Metamophic rocks of Samcheog area, northeastern Yeongnam massif, was studied petrochemically. This area includes Precambrian Hosanri Formation (schists and gneisses) and granitoid (Icheon granitic gneiss, leucocratic granite and Hongjesa granite), Cambrian sedimentary rocks, and Cretaceous sedimentary and acidic volcanic rocks. Hosanri formation is composed of quartz+plagioclase+K-feldspar+biotite+muscovite+granet${\pm}$cordierite${\pm}$sillimanite. Mineral assemblage of biotite granitic gneiss, which is massive granodioritic rock with weak foliation, is similar to Hosanri formation. According to mineral assemblages, metamorphic rocks of studied area can be divided into two metamorphic zones (garnet and sillimanite zones). From Icheonri area, major, trace and rare earth element data of biotite granitic gneiss and luecocratic granite suggest that source rock is politic rocks of Hosanri formation and source magma was formed by anatexis and experienced fractionation of plagioclase. Trace element diagram show collisional environment such as syn-collisional, volcanic arc granite. Orientation of faults in study area have three maximum concentrations, $N54^{\circ}\;W/77^{\circ}\;SW,\;N49^{\circ}\;W/81^{\circ}\;NE\;and\;N10^{\circ}\;W/38^{\circ}\;NE$. Structure analysis suggests that faults in study area ware formed by uplift and compression. Faulting age is guessed after Tertiary because some shear joints is developed in dikes to intrusive Cretaceous acidic volcanic rock. Hosanri formation and Icheon granitic gneiss had experienced similar deformation history because they have maximum concentration to foliations, $N89^{\circ}\;E/55^{\circ}\;SE\;and\;N80^{\circ}\;E/45^{\circ}\;SE$, respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

The geology of the Seungryung Zn deposit, located in the Muzu basin, consists of Precambrian leucocratic granitic gneiss, Cretaceous clastic rocks, pyroclastic rocks, and intrusive rocks. The deposit shows a weakly skarnized hydrothermal replacement ore developed along limestone bed in the gneiss. The mineralization can be divided into three stages: the early skarnization producing garnet and pyroxene, the main mineralization in the middle stage precipitating most metallic minerals such as magnetite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, Pb-Ag-Bi-S system minerals, and the late stage for altered or low temperature minerals such as chlorite and marcasite. Pb-Ag-Bi-S system minerals include heyrovskite-eskimoite solid solution, lillianite-gustavite solid solution, and vikingite. Chalcopyrite diseases are quite common in sphalerite showing bead chains and dusting textures. The ${\delta}^{34}S$ values of sulfides minerals are concentrated within the narrow range of 3.4~4.1‰ for pyrite, 3.3~4.3‰ for sphalerite, 4.0~4.3‰ for chalcopyrite, and 2.8‰ for galena, suggesting that most sulfur is of igneous origin. Sulfur isotope geothermometry is calculated to be $346{\sim}431^{\circ}C$, implying that the mineralization occurred at relatively high temperature. FeS contents of sphalerite are relatively high in the range of 6.58~20.16 mole% (avg. 16.58 mole%) with the enrichment of Mn compared to Cd, similarly to representative skarn Pb-Zn deposits in South Korea. On the contrary, sphalerite from Au-Ag deposits in the Seolcheon mineralized zone around the Seungryung deposit is enriched in Cd, showing similar feature like representative epithermal Au-Ag deposits. This suggests that around the related igneous rocks, magnetite and sphalerite were produced at high temperature in the Seungryung deposit, and with decreasing temperature and compositional change of mineralizing fluids, Au-Ag mineralization proceeded in the Seolcheon mineralized zone.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.501-539
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• 2016

The human mind is a self-evolving system that develops along a multidimensional hierarchical pathway in response to traumatic stimulus. In absence of trauma, a mind integrated in conflict-free state is called monistic. When the monistic mind responses to a traumatic stimulus, a response polarity forms toward stimulus polarity within the mind, turning it into a bipartite structure. Dialectical interaction between the two opposites, originating from their incompatibility, creates a new third polarity in the upper dimension. Thereby, the mind turns into a trinity structure. When the interaction among the three polarities becomes optimized, the plasticity of the mind gets maximized into the "far-from-equilibrium state," and the function of three polarities is synchronized. Through this recalibration, the mind returns back to its monistic structure. If the mind with the recurred monistic structure responds to another traumatic stimulus, this cycle of hierarchical transformation repeats itself in this cyclical and fractal growth process through synchronization of basic trinity system. Applying this concept to the process of post-traumatic growth (PTG), this paper explores how the mind transforms traumatic experiences into PTG and proposes a 'PTG Clock' that shows a fundamental sequence in the development of the human mind. The PTG Clock consists of seven hierarchical phases, and each of the first six phases has two opposite sub-phases: shocked/numbed, feared/intrusive, paranoid/avoidant, obsessional/explosive, dependent/depressive, and meaningless/searching for meaning. The seventh, the synchronization phase, completes one cycle of the mind's transformation, realizing a grand trinity system, where the mind synchronizes its biological, social, and existential dimensions. At that point, the mind becomes more susceptible to not only the stimulus of its own traumatic experience but also the pain of others. Thereby, the PTG Clock sets out on a journey to another cycle of transformation in higher dimensions. The validity of this transformational process for the PTG Clock will be examined by comparing it to Horowitz's theory of stress response syndrome.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 2019

Objectives : The Illness Intrusiveness Rating Scale (IIRS) is a well-validated self-report instrument for assessing negative impact of chronic illness and/or adverse effects of its treatment on everyday life domains. Although extensive literature probed its psychometric properties in medical illness, little attention was paid for its validity for psychiatric population. This study aimed to test factorial structure of the Korean Version of the IIRS (IIRS-K) in a consecutive sample of psychiatric outpatients. Methods : Data set of 307 first-visit patients of psychiatric clinic at Guri Hanyang univ. Hospital were used. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency were tested in IIRS-K. We also checked Spearman's correlation analysis between IIRS-K, Zung's self-report anxiety scale and Zung's self-report depression scale. Results : 76.9% of the patients were with anxiety disorder and depressive disorder. The principal component factor analysis of the IIRS-K extracted three-factor structure accounted for 63.2% of total variance that was contextually similar to the original English version. This three-factor solution showed the best fit when tested confirmatory factor analysis compared to the original IIRS, two-factor model of IIRS-K suggested from medical outpatients, and one-factor solution. The IIRS-K also showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.90) and good convergent validity with anxiety and depression scales. Conclusions : The IIRS-K showed the three-factor structure that was similar but not identical to original version. Overall, this study proved factorial validity of the IIRS-K and it can be used for Korean clinical population.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.60
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• pp.33-61
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• 2019

It is quite difficult to actually prove the effectiveness of so-called target-hardening, one of the various strategies used to reduce crime, one of the serious problems in society recently. In particular, three to five minutes is often used as golden time for intruders to give up or stop, which is based on foreign and some indirect research cases in Korea, but there were no studies that more directly identified the average break-in operation time or the abandonment time based on the elapsed time when the shield hardware resists intruders. This study was the first of its kind in Korea to investigate and verify samples of 90 inmates of break-in burglars who were imprisoned in August 2018 by profiling the average criminal experience, education level, age, height and weight of typical Korean professional break-in thieves, and specific criminal methods, average break-in operation time, and the criteria for giving up if not breached. According to the analysis results, in the survey on the number of pre-invasion theft crimes by intruders, many of the respondents who participated in the survey were criminals of professional invasions, and by their physical characteristics, there was not much difference from ordinary adult men. Residential facilities were the highest in the world, followed by commercial and educational facilities. According to the survey on the types of facilities that committed intrusion into residential facilities, it was not safe to say that single-family housing accounted for the largest portion of single-family housing, multi-family housing, apartment high-rise (more than three stories), and apartment low-rise (more than one to three stories) among residential facilities, and that the ratio of apartment high-rise was higher than expected. Based on the average time required to break into a place for an intrusion crime, it is assumed that the psychological time worked in a place where the break-in was difficult, since the break-in was not performed while measuring the time of the break-in operation. In the case of time to give up a crime, more than half of the respondents said they would give up the crime even in less than four minutes, suggesting that a significant number of intrusive crimes can be prevented even if the facility has four minutes of intrusion resistance. This proves that most intruders will give up the break-in if the break-in resistance performance of the security facility is exercised for more than five minutes.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2000

Depths to four seismic sequence boundaries and the thickness of each sequence were estimated and mapped based on multi-channel seismic data in the Ulleung Basin. These depth-structure and isopach maps were incorporated into the interpretation of gravity and magnetic anomaly maps. The sediment thickness ranges from 3,000 m to 4,000 m in the central basin, while it reaches 6,000 m locally along the southwestern, western, and southeastern margins. The acoustic basement forms a northeast-southwest elongated depression deeper than 5000 m, and locally deepens up to 7,500 m in the southwestern and western margins. Low gravity anomalies along the western and southern margins are associated with basement depressions with thick sediment as well as the transitional crust between the continental and oceanic crusts. Higher gravity anomalies, dominant in the central Ulleung basin, broaden from southwest toward northeast, are likely due to the shallow mantle and a dense crust. A pair of magnetic elongations in the southeastern and northwestern margins appear to separate the central Ulleung basin from its margin. These magnetic elongations are largely dominated by intrusive or extrusive volcanics which occurred along the rifted margin of the Ulleung basin formed during the basin opening. The crust in the central Ulleung Basin, surrounded by the magnetic elongations, is possibly oceanic as inferred from the seismic velocity. The oceanic crust can be mapped in the central zone where it widens to 120 km from the southwest toward northeast. Bending of the crustal boundary in the southern part of the Ulleung Basin suggests that the Ulleung Basin has been deformed by a collision of the Phillipine plate into the Japan arc.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.161-174
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• 2013

The geology of the weondong deposit area consists mainly of Cambro-Ordovician and Carboniferous-Triassic formations, and intruded quartz porphyry and dyke. The skarn mineralized zone in the weondong deposit is the most prospective region for the useful W-mineral deposits. To determine the skarn-mineralization age, U-Pb SHRIMP and K-Ar age dating methods were employed. The U-Pb zircon ages of quartz porphyry intrusion (WD-A) and feldspar porphyry dyke (WD-B) are 79.37 Ma and 50.64 Ma. The K-Ar ages of coarse-grained crystalline phlogopite (WD-1), massive phlogopite (WDR-1), phlogopite coexisted with skarn minerals (WD-M), and vein type illite (WD-2) were determined as $49.1{\pm}1.1$ Ma, $49.2{\pm}1.2$ Ma, $49.9{\pm}3.6$ Ma, and $48.3{\pm}1.1$ Ma, respectively. And the ages of the high uranium zircon of hydrothermally altered quartz porphyry (WD-C) range from 59.7 to 38.7 Ma, which dependson zircon's textures affected by hydrothermal fluids. It is regarded as the effect of some hydrothermal events, which may precipitate and overgrow the high-U zircons, and happen the zircon's metamictization and dissolution-reprecipitation reactions. Based on the K-Ar age datings for the skarn minerals and field evidences, we suggest that the timing of W-skarn mineralization in weondong deposit may be about 50 Ma. However, for the accurate timing of skarn mineralization in this area, the additional researches about the sequence of superposition at the skarn minerals and geological relationship between skarn deposits and dyke should be needed in the future.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.249-267
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• 2016

The Hongseong area of the central-western Korean Peninsula is considered to be a part of collision zone that is tectonically correlated to the Qinling-Dabie-Sulu belt of China. The area includes the elliptical-shaped serpentinized ultramafic bodies, together with mafic rocks. The studied bodies are in contact with the surrounded Neoproterozoic alkali granites at the Baekdong and Wonnojeon bodies and the Paleoproterozoic Yugu gneiss at the Bibong body. The Baekdong body contains the blocks of the Neoproterozoic alkali granites and the Late Paleozoic metabasites. The Bibong body also includes the Neoproterozoic alkali granite blocks. The Mesozoic intrusive rocks are also recognized at the Baekdong, Wonnojeon and Bibong bodies. On the other hand, the Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks are occurred at the Bibong body. The detrital zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages of the serpentinites at three bodies range variously from Neoarchean to Middle Paleozoic at the Baekdong body, and from Neoarchean to Early Cretaceous at the Wonnojeon and Bibong bodies. Although serpentinization does not generally produce minerals suitable for direct isotopic dating, the youngest Middle Paleozoic age at the Baekdong body and the Early Cretaceous age at the Wonnojeon and Bibong bodies indicate the possible upper age limit for the (re)serpentinization. Especially, the Early Cretaceous serpentinization ages may be related to the widespread Early Cretaceous igneous activity in the central-southern Korean Peninsula. Age results for the serpentinite bodies and the included blocks of the studied serpentinized ultramafic bodies in the Hongseong area, therefore, provide several possible interpretations for the serpentinization ages of the ultramafic rocks as well as the geotectonic implications of serpentinization, requiring more detailed study including other serpentinized ultramafic bodies in the Hongseong area.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.273-288
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• 2011

Chon-Ashuu copper mining claim area is located, in terms of the geotectonic setting, in the northern part of the suture line which is bounded with the marginal part of Issik-kul micro-continent on the southern part of North Tien-Shan terrane. The geological blocks of Chon-Ashuu districts belong to the southern tip of Kazakhstan orocline. The rock formation of this area are composed of the continental crust or/and arc collage and the paleo-continental fragments-accretionary wedge complex of pre-Altaid orogenic materials. ASI(Alumina Saturation Index) of Paleozoic plutonic rocks in Chon-Ashuu area belong to the peraluminous and metaluminous rocks which were generated from fractional crystallization of Island and volcanic arc crusts in syn-post collisional plate. The geology of the ChonAshuu area consists of upper Proterozoic and Paleozoic rock formations. According to Harker variation diagrams for Chon-Ashuu arenaceous sedimentary rocks, the silty sandstone of Chon-Ashuu area showing the mineralogical immaturity were derived from Island arc or the marginal environments of active continent in Cambro-Carboniferous period. Numerous intrusive rocks of Chon-Ashuu area are distributed along north east trending tectonic structures and are bounded on four sides by the conjugate pattern. The most common type of the plutonic rocks are granodiorite and monzodiorite. According to the molecular normative An-Ab-Or composition (Barker, 1979), the plutonic rocks in Chon-Ashuu area are classified into tonalite - trondhjemite - granodiorite (TTG) series which are an aggregation of rocks which is the country rock of copper mineralization, that are formed by melting of hydrous mafic crust at high pressure.