• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2023

Background: With advances in safety measures for anesthesia, conscious sedation has gained popularity in the field of dentistry and has become essential in dental practice worldwide. However, in Tanzania, intravenous (IV) sedation is rarely practiced in the dental field. Therefore, we report the establishment of sustainable IV conscious sedation in dental practices and subsequently train local OMS residents in Tanzania. Methods: In 2019, intravenous conscious sedation was initiated at the University Dental Clinic of the Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Science (MUHAS), Tanzania. During the preparatory phase of the program, local oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs) were given a series of lecture notes that concentrated on different aspects of IV conscious sedation in dentistry. During the on-site training phase, an oral surgeon from the United States joined the OMSs for case selection, IV-conscious sedation procedures, and patient follow-up. Patients were recruited from existing patient records at the MUHAS Dental Clinic. Results: The first conscious IV sedation program in dentistry was successfully launched at the University Dental Clinic in Tanzania. The local team of OMSs was trained on the safe administration of sedative agents (midazolam or ketamine) to perform various minor surgical procedures in a dental office. Nine patients with different ages, body masses, and medical conditions benefited from the training. No complications were associated with IV conscious sedation in the dental office. Conclusion: This was the first successful "hands-on" training on IV conscious sedation provided to OMSs in Tanzania. It laid the foundation for the sustainable care of patients with special needs requiring oral health-related care in the country.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2016

Anxiety and phobia in dental procedures are common deterrents for patients visiting the dental care unit. For these individuals, procedural sedation may aid in completion of dental treatments. In most cases, the patients are conscious during sedation, thereby allowing spontaneous ventilation. Intravenous sedation (IVS) is widely used during dental treatment to relieve patient anxiety. IVS is the most effective route of administration to achieve this goal, but it requires advanced training, more than that provided during undergraduate education. During IVS, rapid onset, repetitive drug administration, easy titration, and rapid recovery from sedation can be achieved. However, conscious sedation during IVS can result in deep sedation that can cause respiratory and cardiovascular depression. Therefore, the characteristics of intravenous sedatives should be known. The purpose of this review is to discuss the characteristics and usage of intravenous sedatives currently used for dental procedures.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.209-213
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• 2010

Anxiety and fear is two main factors that keep patients from going to dental clinic. Especially, patients may feel implants operations are more traumatic. Intravenous conscious sedation for dental treatment can make patient comfortable and relaxable. Midazolam is more popular for sedation for dental treatment, but target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol and remifentanil is gaining wide popularity. A 54-year-old female patient who had severe dental phobia was referred to our dental hospital. She had past history of 2 times of hyperventilation and syncope during dental treatment. The patient showed a lot of dental anxiety and fear to dental treatments and stress reduction protocol was needed. We administered intravenous conscious sedation using target controlled infusion system with remifentanil and propofol. During sedation, we monitored the status of consciousness with bispectral index and vital signs. Dental treatment could be finished successfully without any problems.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.6 no.2 s.11
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• pp.113-120
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• 2006

Recently, sedation in dentistry is gaining more and more interests of dental practitioners. Moreover. 'dental sedation', 'sleep dentistry', or 'pain-free dental treatment' become everyday words familiar to ordinary persons. Sedation clinic in Hanyang University Medical Center was open on Mar 2006 as specialty clinic at department of dentistry. Our aim is performing comfortable and safe dental treatments for patients who have problems for routine dental treatments because of extreme fear and anxiety or for patients who are supposed to have stressful and painful time-consuming treatment, such as sinus elevation and bone graft for implant placement. Our sedation was focused on conscious sedation, especially intravenous sedation using midazolam alone in technique. In two series, the sedation protocol at our Sedation Clinic will be described in details and then, analysis of our cases will be presented to help beginners for sedation in dentistry.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.13-17
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• 2007

At Sedation Clinic of Department of Dentistry in Hanyang University Medical Center, total 92 dental treatments under intravenous conscious sedation using midazolam alone for 80 patients were carried out from March 2006 to February 2007. Following the previous article concerning our sedation protocol, the retrospective analyses of our cases were presented in detail. By the evidence-based approach, we hope that our study will help the general dental practitioners perform the intravenous conscious sedation using midazolam alone safely and effectively.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.4 no.1 s.6
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• pp.17-20
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• 2004

Chronic periodontitis is one of the most common disease in clinical dentistry, which needs various surgical interventions to treat the moderate to severe destruction of supporting periodontium. Most patients have fear and anxiety to these surgical procedures and some dentists also have problems to deal with these patients. Applying the conscious sedation technique in outpatient units, periodontists have become to manage their patients successfully without any fear and anxiety and increased the level of patients' satisfaction. Particularly, periodontal treatments require relative long chair-time and patients are usually reluctant to the periodontal instruments used in the oral cavity. This study is focused on the sedation procedure with intravenous midazolam infusioon performed in Department of Periodontology, Ewha Womans University Hospital. The whole procedure of intravenous midazolam sedation is briefly reviewed from patient selection to patient discharge.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.408-412
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• 2010

Introduction: This study examined the depth of sedation and the usefulness of the monitoring tool in determining the level of sedation in patients undergoing third molars extraction under conscious sedation with midazolam. Materials and Methods: Twenty two patients undergoing third molars extraction at the department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Ewha Womans Mokdong Hospital from February 2010 to April 2010 were analyzed. All patients were classified as American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) class I and had no contraindications tosedation. The bispectral index was recorded continually during surgery using a bispectral monitor. The initial sedation was accomplished using a 3 mg bolus of midazolam followed by a 2 mg bolus of midazolam until the level of sedation, at which the patient’s eyes were closed or the subject was responsive only to loud or repeated calling of their name, was reached. All subjects were surveyed with a postoperative questionnaire to evaluate the level of sedation. Results: The bispectral index (BIS) decreased approximately 5 minutes after midazolam administration, but increased at the local anesthesia injection and odontomy procedure. The amnestic effect was shown effectively in the early stages of surgery. Conclusion: Conscious sedation with intravenous midazolam is effective in achieving the effect of anxiolysis, analgesia and amnesia. The BIS is an objective and useful means of assessing the depth of sedation.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.47-52
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• 2015

Sedation allows patients to maintain their airway independently and respond appropriately to physical stimulation and verbal command while maintaining a minimum depressed level of consciousness. Drugs commonly used for sedation of pediatric dental patients include a combination of chloral hydrate, hydroxyzine, and nitrous oxide-oxygen. Midazolam is a benzodiazepine and currently one of the most commonly used intravenous sedative agents. It can be easily titrated to provide a wide range of sedation, from conscious sedation to deep sedation, and exhibits a wide safety margin without severe respiratory and circulatory depression. At an appropriate dose, it also decreases patient anxiety and induces amnesia. We found that the submucosal administration of midazolam combined with chloral hydrate provided increased sedative effects and decreased the postoperative vomiting response compared with conventional chloral hydrate administration, with no significant difference in physiological responses. The depth of sedation can be titrated using this technique.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.177-181
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• 2012

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is one of the major neurodegenerative diseases that involves degeneration at all levels of the motor system- from the cortex to the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Patients with ALS often have difficulty of ambulation for dental treatment though they have poor oral hygiene state. General anesthesia may cause respiratory problem due to its high sensitivity to muscle relaxant and weakened upper airway. In this case report, 38-year-old female patient with ALS required many dental treatments. Conscious sedation with intravenous target controlled infusion method was successfully employed and patient was discharged without any complications.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.3 no.2 s.5
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• pp.87-91
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• 2003

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare the availability of propofol and fentanyl (P + F) with diazepam and morphine (D + M) for intravenous conscious sedation during third molar surgery. Methods: Forty patients without systemic disease were operated under IV conscious sedation administered by either of the two techniques. Monitoring consisted of continuous observation of pulse rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and the respiratory rate and were recorded every 15 minutes. Cooperation score was measured 5 and 15 minutes after induction of IV sedation. Following the operation, the surgeon and patients completed questionnaires including pain visual analog scale, amnesia, and side effects. Results: The P + F group was significantly more cooperative than the D + M group. The side effects of D + M group included pain on injection, nausea/vomiting and abdominal pain. The side effects of P + F group included talkativeness, nausea/vomiting, temporary apnea, pain on injection and vertigo. Conclusions: In this study, there were following benefits in the P + F group; more cooperative status and less pain perception. But respiratory depression developed in some patients.