• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2011

The aims of this study were to investigate the anesthetic effects of medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine (MMK) combination and to compare antagonistic effects of atipamezole and yohimbine in dogs anesthetized with MMK. Eighteen adult male healthy beagles were used in this study. All dogs were anesthetized with intramuscular (IM) administration of medetomidine (0.04 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg) in one syringe. Intravenous (IV) administration of atipamezole (0.24 mg/kg, MMKA), yohimbine (0.2 mg/kg, MMKY) or saline solution (0.1 ml/kg, MMK) was administered 20 minutes after MMK combination anesthesia. Induction and recovery times, scores of sedation and analgesia, heart rate, blood pressure, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and blood gases were determined and recorded for each dog. Mean anesthesia times, sternal recumbency times, standing times and walking times in the MMKA and MMKY groups were significantly shorter than those in the MMK group. But there were not significantly different between MMKA and MMKY groups. In all groups, MMK administration produced a satisfactory sedation and analgesia for all dogs. However, after administration of atipamezole or yohimbine the scores for posture and response to noxious stimuli were significantly lower in the MMKA or MMKY group than those in the MMK group. MMK produced good sedation and anesthesia effects, and atipamezole or yohimbine can be used as a safe and effective agent for antagonizing the MMK anesthesia in dogs.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 2012

Many drugs are administered intramuscularly to immobilize and anesthetize dogs. There are many established intramuscular (IM) anesthetic combinations for dogs; however, little information is available on the effects of a xylazinediazepam-ketamine (XDK) combination. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anesthetic effects of the XDK combination in dogs. Twelve adult mixed bred dogs were used. All dogs were anesthetized with an IM injection of diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) and xylazine (1.1 mg/kg) with low-dose ketamine (5 mg/kg; group 1) or high-dose ketamine (10 mg/kg; group 2) in one syringe. After administration of the test dose, the animals were positioned in a right lateral recumbency, and analgesia and cardiopulmonary data were collected and recorded. The duration of anesthesia in group 2 was significantly longer than that of group 1 (mean [sd] 68.0 [7.6] v 51.3 [2.7] minutes). Blood pressure increased significantly after XDK administration in both groups, and $S_aO_2$ levels decreased significantly from baseline at 10, 20, and 30 minutes in both groups. XDK administration produced satisfactory sedation and analgesia in all dogs. In conclusion, intramuscular administration of xylazine-diazepam-ketamine combination at a doses of 1.1 mg/kg xylazine, 0.5 mg/kg diazepam, and 5 or 10 mg/kg ketamine appeared to be effective short duration anesthetic protocols in dogs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.341-345
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• 1992

The tuber of Pinellia ternata Breitenbach(Araceae), which is distributed in Korea, China, and Japan, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. The prescription containing Pinellia tuber shows anti-emetic, sedative, and anti-tussive effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Pinellia ternata tuber on the xylazine-induced emetic and sedative responses in cats. The results were as follows ; 1. Intramuscular injection of xylazine hydrochloride(1.0mg/kg) reliably evoked vomiting with an incidence of 100% and sedated with a mean sedation time of 34.22 min. 2. The xylazine-induced emetic and sedative responses were not prevented by oral administration of powder (0.5g/head), decoction ($1.0m{\ell}/100g$), and methanol extract ($0.1m{\ell}/100g$) of the Pinellia ternata tuber. 3. The xylazine-induced emetic and sedative responses were inhibited by intravenous injection of decoction($0.3m{\ell}/100g$) of the Pinellia ternata tuber. 4. The xylazine-induced emetic and sedative responses were inhibited by intravenous injection of a combined mixture of yohimbine hydrochloride(0.125mg/kg) and 4-aminopyride(0.3mg/kg).

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.301-305
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• 2003

To evaluate the effects of Zoletil (tiletamine- zolazepam) that have been widely used for the chemical restraint and anesthesia of primates, on physiologic alteration, blood gas analysis and anesthetic duration in the Japanese macaque(Macaca fuscata), this study was carried out. Zoletil was administered by intramuscular injection. Evaluation of temperature, heart rate, respiration rate and blood gas analysis were performed before administration and at 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min after administration, and induction and maintenance time was recorded. There was no significant difference in heart rate, $PCO_2$, $PO_2$ after Zoletil administration rut temperature, respiraticn rate, pH were significant difference compared with these of Mere administration. The induction time was $2.5{\pm}1.0min$ and maintenance time was $86{\pm}23.2min$. It was considered that Zoletil could be usefully used for the sedation and immobilization of Japanese macaque reared in zoological garden.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.237-242
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• 1993

Combined intramuscular administration of ketamine 8mg/kg. xylazine 2mg/kg were done to evaluate effect of anesthesia in Siberian tiger White tiger and Bengal tiger. Mean induction time(MIT), mean arousal time-(MAT). mean walking time(MWT) and clinical sign were evaluated. The results were as follows. MIT were taken 16.1$\pm$3.5 minutes for Siberian tiger. 15.5$\pm$2.4 minutes for White tiger and 12.3$\pm$2.5 minutes for Bengal tiger. MAT were taken 44.2$\pm$9.5 minutes for Siberian tiger, 48.3$\pm$8.6 minutes for White tiger and 58.7$\pm$5.8 minutes for Bengal tiger. MWT were taken 110.6$\pm$11.6 minutes for Siberian tiger, 106.7$\pm$13.1 minutes for White tiger and 99.6$\pm$10.2 minutes for Bengal tiger. Nausea. vomiting. salivation. severe convulsion. sudden decreased respiration and dyspnea were observed in Siberian tiger during sedation and anesthesia. Also, nausea, vomiting, salivation and convulsion were observed in White tiger and Bengal tiger but the clinical signs were more mild than Siberian tiger. The Bengal tiger which used combined ketamine 5mg/kg , xylazine 1mg/kg were shown reduced induction time compare with combined administration ketamine 8mg/kg, xylazine 2mg/kg in Bengal tiger as 10.8$\pm$32 minutes for MIT. 32.3$\pm$4.3 minutes for MAT and 78.5$\pm$7.3 minutes for MWT Vomiting and convulsion were observed during induction time but there were no nausea and salivation. The present results suggested that preventive methods against severe convulsion and dyspnea should be required in Siberian tiger when combined anesthesia of ketamine 8mg/kg, xylazine 2mg/kg used. Combined anesthesia of ketamine 5mg/kg, xylazine 1mg/kg in Bengal tiger might be very effective for simple surgical procedure and diagnosis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2009

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of intravenous administration of glycopyrrolate on cardiovascular and respiratory system in dogs given intravenous medetomidine (20 ${\mu}g$/kg) and intramuscular midazolam (0.3 mg/kg) (MM). Prior to administration of MM, glycopyrrolate was administered intravenously at doses of 5 ${\mu}g$/kg (Gly-5), 10 ${\mu}g$/kg (Gly-10) or 20 ${\mu}g$/kg (Gly-20), respectively. For the control group saline was administered intravenously. In the cardiovascular system, HR, BP, RAP, PAWP, CI, SI, SVR, and PVR were measured. RR, $V_T$, $P_{ETCO2}$, and arterial blood gas analysis were measured for respiratory system. Although rapid and satisfied depth of sedation was obtained by MM, life-threatening bradycardia, the outstanding side-effect on cardiovascular system in dogs were observed. This combination also decreased CO and increased SVR, RAP, and PAWP significantly. The bradycardia could be prevented in all the glycopyrrolate treated groups, but tachycardia was observed in Gly-10 and Gly-20 groups. Significant increases in blood pressure were shown in glycopyrrolate treated groups. Also, tachycardia depends on dose of glycopyrrolate, compensating the CO. However, these were not fully reserved. In conclusion, MM combination could induce rapid and satisfied depth of sedation but was not the suitable method for the deep sedation of dogs with cardiovascular or circulatory problems.