• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2010

Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether there are differences in subtalar joint range of motion (ROM) when using different measurement methods, and to determine inter- and intra-rater reliability of goniometry as used in clinical setting. Methods: Subjects were thirty-one healthy males and females (sixty-two ankles) living in Korea. Three raters with different clinical experiences measured inversion and eversion range of motion of the subtalar joint two times. Measurements were done with subjects prone (open kinetic chain) and standing (closed kinetic chain). Rater and measurement methods were based on analyzing differences in range of motion. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to determine intra-rater and inter-rater reliability. Results: Mean subtalar jont range of motion for inversion ranged from $9.31^{\circ}$ to $11.94^{\circ}$ for eversion, it ranged from $6.73^{\circ}$ to $9.20^{\circ}$. The differences in ROM between raters and between measurement methods were significant (p<0.01). The ICCs for interrater reliability ranged from $0.02^{\circ}$ to $0.20^{\circ}$ for inversion and from $0.23^{\circ}$ to $0.39^{\circ}$ for eversion. Intrarater reliability ranged from $0.32^{\circ}$ to $0.78^{\circ}$ for inversion and from $0.45^{\circ}$ to $0.73^{\circ}$ for eversion. Conclusion: Subtalar joint inversion and eversion ROM show differences for measurement methods low reliability between different raters, and low to high intra-rater reliability within sessions.

• 대한정형도수물리치료학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to establish the concurrent validity of the universal goniometer and electronic inclinometer for ankle joint of motion, and to determine the inter-tester and the intra-tester reliability of these two instruments. Methods: Subjects were instructed 25 healthy subjects. Ankle range of motion was measured on two separate occasions 2 or 3 days by two physical therapists. Ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion was by using an universal goniometer and an electronic inclinometer. Results: The Pearson product-moment correlation between the two instruments was 0.78~0.80. The ICCs for inter-tester reliability ranged from 0.63 to 0.73 for universal goniometer and ranged from 0.81 to 0.88 for electric inclinometer. The ICCs for intra-tester reliability showed a wide variation(ICC=0.61 to 0.86). Conclusion: These findings indicate that the two instruments are reliable instruments for measuring ankle joint range of motion. The results also indicate that the two instruments can be used interchangeably for measuring ankle motions.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to assess the intra-tester and inter-tester reliability and validity of hip range of motion using a smart phone in hip operative patients. METHODS: Twenty-five patients (eight total hip arthroplasty and seventeen femur neck fracture) participated in this study. The range of motions in active and passive hip flexion, abduction and external rotation were measured with a goniometer and smart phone over two times by two observers. The intra-tester and inter-tester reliability were evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1). The validity was measured by Pearson's correlation coefficient RESULTS: The intra-observer reliability was good in all measured items (ICC>0.78). The inter-observer reliability was high with ICC (>0.90). All correlation coefficients of smart phone and goniometer was greater than 0.85 and showed a significant positive correlation (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The range of motion measurement with a smart phone showed acceptable reliability. Therefore, it could be convenient and have economical benefits to measure the range of motion of the hip joint using a smart phone.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.76-83
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• 2019

Background: The hyoid bone is the only non-jointed structure among the skeletal tissues of the head and neck region, and its movement and posture depend on the attached muscle, ligament, and fascia. The location of the hyoid bone is important for airway maintenance, vocalization, chewing, swallowing, breathing, and head and scapular position. In general, the location of the hyoid bone is measured using radiographs and 3D computed tomography, and no studies have reported on clinical measurement methods. Objects: This study was performed to suggest clinical measurement methods for lateral deviation of the hyoid bone and to evaluate their reliability. Methods: In this study, 24 healthy volunteers (12 males, 12 females) in Cheongju-si participated. Two examiners performed the center point test and lateral motion test twice each to measure the lateral displacement of the hyoid bone. The reliability of the center point test was analyzed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), and the reliability of the lateral motion test was analyzed using Cohen's kappa coefficient. Results: The intra-rater reliability of the center point test was good, and the inter-rater reliability was moderate. The intra- and inter-rater reliability of the lateral motion test showed substantial reliability. Conclusion: Based on these results, the center point test and the lateral motion test can be used as an alternative methods of the measurement of lateral deviation of the hyoid bone for people who have musculoskeletal disorders of the head, neck, and scapula.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2016

The design spectrum for Korea, which is known to belong to an intra-plate region, is developed from the ground motion records of the earthquakes occurred in Korea and overseas intra-plate regions. The horizontal spectrum is defined as geometric mean spectrum, GMRotI50. From the statistical analysis of the geometric mean spectra, a mean plus one standard deviation spectrum in lognormal distribution is obtained. Regression analysis is performed on this curve to determine the shape of spectrum including transition periods. The developed design spectrum is valid for the estimation both spectral acceleration and displacement.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2009년도 정보 및 제어 심포지움 논문집
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• pp.225-227
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• 2009

International standard specification, H.264/SVC improved from H.264/AVC, is set up so as to promote free use of huge multimedia data in various channel environments.;H.264/AVC is a international standard speicification for video compression, adopted and commercialized as standard for DMB broadcasting by JVT of ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T VCEG. SVC standard uses 'intra/inter prediction' in AVC as well as 'inter-layer intra prediction', 'inter-layer motion prediction' and 'inter-layer residual prediction' to improve efficiency of encoding. Among prediction technologies, 'inter-layer intra prediction' is to use co-located block of up sampled sublevels as a prediction signal. At this time, application of interpolation is one of the most important factors to determine encoding efficiency. SVC's currently using poly-phase FIR filter of 4-tap and 2-tap respectively to luma components. This paper is written for the purpose of analyzing encoding performance according to the interpolation. For this purpose, we applied poly-phase FIR filter of '2-tap', '4-tap' and '6-tap' respectively to luma components and then measured bit-rate, PNSR and running time of interpolation filter. We're expecting that the analysis results of this paper will be utilized for effective application of interpolation filter. SVC standard uses 'intra/inter prediction' in AVC as well as 'inter-layer intra prediction', 'inter-layer motion prediction' and 'inter-layer residual prediction' to improve efficiency of encoding.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.140-151
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• 2012

Wyner-Ziv 부호화 방법에서는 키 픽처 부호화를 위하여 상대적으로 복잡도가 낮은 H.264/AVC 인트라 부호화 기술을 사용하고 있다. 인트라 부호화와 달리 인터 부호화는 율 왜곡 성능은 매우 좋으나, 움직임 예측 및 보상과 같은 복잡한 연산을 반복적으로 수행하기 때문에 저복잡도 부호화를 지향하는 분산 비디오 부호화에 적합하지 않다. 하지만 제로 모션 부호화 방법은 시간적 상관도를 활용하면서도 높은 복잡도를 갖는 움직임 예측을 사용하지 않기 때문에 현재 Wyner-Ziv 부호화에 사용하고 있는 키 픽처 부호화의 좋은 대안이 될 수 있다. 특히, 변환 영역 Wyner-Ziv 잔차 신호 부호화 기술은 시간적 중복성을 WZ 픽처에만 활용하기 때문에, 제로 모션 부호화 방법으로 키 픽처를 부호화하는 경우 키 픽처와 WZ 픽처 모두 시간적 상관도를 활용하여 율 왜곡 성능을 크게 향상시킬 수 있다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 제로 모션 키 픽처 부호화를 적용한 Wyner-Ziv 부호화의 경우, 인트라 키 픽처 부호화를 사용한 기존의 Wyner-Ziv 부호화 대비 평균적으로 약 9%의 복잡도가 증가되었지만, 움직임이 적은 정적인 영상에서 최대 54% 비트율이 감소하였다. 또한, 변환 영역 Wyner-Ziv 잔차 신호 부호화 기술에 제안한 제로 모션 키 픽처 부호화를 적용할 경우, 인트라 키 픽처 부호화를 사용한 기존의 Wyner-Ziv 부호화의 율 왜곡 성능과 비교하여 최대 70%의 비트율을 감소시킬 수 있다.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.89-96
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• 2016

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate inter-tester reliability and Intra-tester reliability about range of motion(ROM) measurement of hip joint with smartphone inclinometer. Method : Six observers performed goniometric and smartphone inclinometer measurements of various hip movements, including both active ROM for flexion, extension, external rotation, internal rotation. Measurements were performed in the right hip of fifty normal subjects. All measures were performed three times for evaluating reliability of observer. Inter- and intra-observer reliabilities were evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC). Result : The results were as follows, inter-observer reliability ICC value showed .948-.974 in smartphone inclinometer. And showed .781-.827 in goniometer. Intra-observer reliability ICC value showed .653-.992 in smartphone inclinometer. And showed .613-.854 in goniometer. Conclusion : Smartphone inclinometer are portable and widely available tools that are mostly reliable and valid for assessing active hip range of motion, with potential use when a goniometer is not available.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.858-865
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• 2011

압축 상태에서 비디오 구조화 및 분류를 하기 위해서는 먼저 압축된 비디오에서 장면전환을 검출해서 비디오를 샷(shot)으로 분리하고 샷내 움직임 정보에 따라 샷을 특징화해야 한다. 장면전환을 검출하는 방법에는 DC 영상의 분산값 이나 복원영상의 에지 픽셀의 분포를 이용한 방법, P-픽쳐의 인트라 블록의 개수를 이용한 방법 등이 있으며 움직임에 따른 샷의 특징 분류는 움직임 벡터의 각 성분들의 평균값을 이용하는 것이 일반적인 방법이다. 그러나 움직임 벡터를 이용한 샷 움직임 분류 방법은 움직임 벡터 자체가 블록의 국부적(local) 움직임을 나타내는 것이므로 글로벌(global)한 카메라 동작을 예측하기 위해서는 많은 제약이 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이러한 것을 보완하기 위해서 MPEG으로 압축된 비디오에서 인트라 프레임을 부분적으로 복호화 하고 빠른 1차원적인 연산을 통해 수평 및 수직 방향으로 평균 밝기 값의 변화 방향을 추정하여 좀더 정확히 샷내 카메라의 움직임을 분류하고자 한다.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.77-82
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• 2005

SoC 환경에서 효과적인 동영상 압축을 지원하기 위한 고집적 움직임 추정기를 제안한다. MPEG-4나 H.263과 같은 이동통신 향동영상압축 표준을 사용할 때, 움직임 보상, 모드 결정, 움직임 벡터 예측 및 차분 벡터 계산 등과 같은 기능은 MCU의 잦은 처리를 필요로 한다. 그러나. 제안한 움직임 추정기는 이러한 기능을 집적함으로써, 동영상 압축을 위한 MCU의 간섭을 최소로 하는 SoC 개발을 가능하게 한다. 또한 제안한 움직임 추정기는 움직임이 없는 배경에 대해서는 움직임 추정을 생략하거나 모드 결정을 통해서 INTRA 모드일 경우 반화소 단위 움직임 추정을 회피하는 기능을 구현함으로써 저전력 소모를 실현한다.