• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 1993

Levels of sterols including ${\Delta}^7$-dehydrogenase isolated from the tissues of marine animal products (20 species) were determined on 1.5% OV-17 columm of gas-liquid chromatography. The composition showed that the mussels and clams contained various sterols in their tissues : cholesterol, brassicasterol. 24-methylenecholesterol with some minor components such as 22-trans-norcholesta-5,22-dien-3${\beta}$-ol, 22-cis-dehydrocholesterol, 22-trans-dehydrocholesterol, desmosterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, ${\beta}$-sitosterol, isofucosterol, and 7-dehydrocholesterol which could be converted into vitamin $D_3$ in the skin tissue of animal was present in the muscle of oyster, Crassostrea gigas. On the other hand, the others including gastropoda were predominantly composed of cholesterol. The minor sterols such as 24-methylenecholesterol, stigmasterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol in the fish intestines are supposed to be derived from dietary plankton. Cholesterol ${\Delta}^7$-dehydrogenase which could convert cholesterol into ${\Delta}^7$-dehydrogenase was present in the pickles of Tricurus haumela intestine.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.193-197
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• 1998

This study was conducted to determine if dietary fiber would reduce exposure of the tissues to dietary benzo[a]pyrene(BP) , a well-known carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, as evaluated by benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (BPH) activity. The effects of three different sources of dietary fiber(pectin, polydextrose, and clellulose) on BPH activity were studied using Sprague-Dawley rats. In this study, male rats were fed a fiber-free purified diet for 7 days, whereupon they were switched to experimentla diets for 48h. After 48h, their liver, stomach , small intestinal mucosa and large intestinal mucosa were assayed for BPH activity. Thissues exposed to benzo[a]pyrene(400mg/kg diet, fiber-free) showed significant increse in the activity of BPH ; 27 times in liver, 7 times in stomach, 18 times in small intestinal mucosa and 3 times in large intestine. The inhibition in BP -induced BPH activity by dietary fiber in liver, stomach and small intestinal mucosa was observed in the decreasing order : 10 % perctin > 10% polydextrose >5 % polydextrose > 10% cellulose. Decreased BPH induction indicates that soluble dietry fibers, especially pectin and polydextrose in this study, protect the tissues of digestive system from exposure to BP.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.403-408
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• 2022

In April and June 2014, mortalities of goldfish occurred at Korea. The principal signs included pale gills, severely enlarged and softened spleen and kidney and red liver. Moreover, the histopathological characteristics observed mainly in hematopoietic tissues of kidney, gill lamellae and intestine. The predominant histopathological changes were severe necrosis of hematopoietic tissue. In addition, nucleus exhibiting peripherally displaced chromatin were particularly abundant in the kidney of affected fish. The histological examination led to hypothesize the implication of a virus in the mortality. The hematopoietic necrosis herpesvirus (Cyprinid herpesvirus 2, CyHV-2) DNA polymerase gene successfully detected in DNA extracted from kidney and spleen of affected fish using PCR assay and showed 100% identity with already deposited CyHV-2 DNA polymerase gene in NCBI. Artificial infection trials using affected tissues filtrates gave cumulative mortalities of 30% for virus injected goldfish. In the present study, CyHV-2 was detected and identified as the causative pathogen of the epizootic in goldfish in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.335-339
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• 2002

Concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cd and Pb were determined in the tissues of sixty adult pigeons collected at six colonies in Korea, and examined correlations between elements, and between tissues in feral pigeons. As the results, we found many significant correlations between elements, and between tissues in them, A negative correlation between Cd and Fe concentrations was observed in the kidney, Cd depresses the absorption of Fe from the intestine and, in this way, affects the levels of Fe in particular tissues. This tendency could be expressed in terms of lower hemoglobin and hematocrit values because hematocrit is one of the most sensitive indicators of Cd intoxication. Zn concentrations are strongly associated with higher Cd levels in the kidney and liver. This is thought to be a reflection of the interaction known to occur between these two metals. Zn induction has been shown to antagonize a number of toxic effects of Cd. A positive correlation between Pb and Fe concentrations was detected in the livers at the Busan colony with relatively high Pb and Fe concentrations. Pb has been shown to co-accumulate with Fe in the liver by inhibiting the heme synthesis. Significant correlations, especially in toxic elements, Pb and Cd, were observed for many pairs of tissues. We suggest that these correlations between elements, and between tissues should be considered in biomonitoring for heavy metal pollution.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 1996

The objective of this study was to determine whether 4-phenylazobezyloxycarbonyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-D-Arg (Pz-peptide), an enhancer of hydrophilic solute permeability in the intestine, could elevate the paracellular permeability of hydrophilic drugs across cornea and conjunctiva in the rabbit. The in-vitro penetration of hydrophilic drugs (mannitol, atenolol) and lipophilic drug (propranolol) across the rabbit cornea and conjunctiva was studied either in the presence or absence of 3 mM Pz-peptide. Drug penetration was evaluated using the modified Ussing chamber. The conjunctiva was more permeable than the cornea to all drugs. Pz-peptide showed enhanced effects on the drug transport across cornea and conjunctiva in a concentration dependent manner. Effects or ion transport inhibitor on the mannitol penetration were then investigated. Mannitol penetration was not changed by serosal addition of $100\;{\mu}M$ ouabain, suggesting that $Na^+/K^+$ ion tranporter was not involved in the Pz-peptide induced elevation of paracellular drug permeability. Furthermore, effects of Pz-peptide and EDTA on the transport of atenolol and propranolol into the ocular tissues or blood circulation after its administration into both eyes were investigated. EDTA showed enhanced effect on propranolol transport into the ocular tissues, but Pz-peptide did not show significant difference. Systemic absorption of propranolol by the addition of EDTA or Pz-peptide was not changed. On the other hand, EDTA and Pz-peptide elavated the atenolol transport into the ocular tissues. The transport of atenolol into the blood circulation was also enhanced by the addition of EDTA, but no effect was observed by the addition of Pz-peptide. The above findings suggest that Pz-peptide would be used as an paracellular pathway enahncer of hydrophilic drugs into the eye, without affecting the systemic absortion of topically applied opthalmic drugs.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.359-366
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• 2004

Iron (Fe) is an essential metal in biological processes, which maintains a homeostasis in the human body. Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) has been known as an iron transporting membrane protein, which is involved in the uptake Fe at the apical portion of intestinal epithelium, and may transport Fe across the membrane of acidified endosome in peripheral tissues. In this study, we studied the tissue distribution of DMT1 in the Fe supplemented (FeS) diet fed rats, and the regulation of DMT1 expression by depleting body Fe. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups, and fed FeS (120 mg Fe/kg) diet or Fe deficient (FeD, 2∼6 mg Fe/kg) diet for 4 weeks. The evaluation of body Fe status was monitored by measuring sFe, UIBC and tissue Fe concentration. Additionally, DMT1 mRNA levels were analyzed in the peripheral tissues by using the quantitative real time RT-PCR method. In the FeS diet fed rats, the tissue Fe was maintained at a relatively high level, and DMT1 was eventually expressed in all tissues studied. DMT1 was highly expressed in the testis, kidney and spleen, while a moderate levels of DMT1 expression was detected in the brain, liver and heart. In the digestive system, the highest level of DMT1 was found in the duodenum. Feeding the FeD diet caused a reduced body weight gain and depletion of body Fe with finding of decreased sFe, increased UIBC and decreased tissue Fe concentration. The depletion of body Fe upregulated DMT1 expression in the peripheral tissue. The expression of DMT1 was very sensitive to the body Fe depletion in the small intestine, especially in the duodenum, showing dramatically higher levels in the FeD rats than those of the FeS group. In the FeD diet fed animals, the expression of DMT1 was low significantly in other tissues compared with the duodenum. The expression of DMT1, however, was 60∼120% higher in the testis, kidney and spleen, and 30∼50% higher in the lung, liver and heart, compared to the FeS diet fed rats. In summary, DMT1 expression was ubiquitous in mammalian tissue, and the level of expression was the organ-dependent. The expression of DMT1 in peripheral tissues was upregulated by depletion of body Fe. Duodenum was the most sensitive tissue among organs studied during Fe depletion, and expressed the greatest level of DMT1, while other tissues were less higher than in duodenum. This study supports that DMT1 plays a role in maintaining the body Fe level through intestinal uptake as well as homeostasis of Fe in the peripheral tissue.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1665-1671
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• 2013

Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) is one of the important methods for investigating the changes in mRNA expression levels in cells and tissues. Selection of the proper reference genes is very important when calibrating the results of real-time quantitative PCR. Studies on the selection of reference genes in goat tissues are limited, despite the economic importance of their meat and dairy products. We used real-time quantitative PCR to detect the expression levels of eight reference gene candidates (18S, TBP, HMBS, YWHAZ, ACTB, HPRT1, GAPDH and EEF1A2) in ten tissues types sourced from Boer goats. The optimal reference gene combination was selected according to the results determined by geNorm, NormFinder and Bestkeeper software packages. The analyses showed that tissue is an important variability factor in genes expression stability. When all tissues were considered, 18S, TBP and HMBS is the optimal reference combination for calibrating quantitative PCR analysis of gene expression from goat tissues. Dividing data set by tissues, ACTB was the most stable in stomach, small intestine and ovary, 18S in heart and spleen, HMBS in uterus and lung, TBP in liver, HPRT1 in kidney and GAPDH in muscle. Overall, this study provided valuable information about the goat reference genes that can be used in order to perform a proper normalisation when relative quantification by qRT-PCR studies is undertaken.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 2007

Health state of the Japanese scallop, Mizuhopecten yessoensis, cultured in the Experimental Marine Farm in Minonosok Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan) was investigated. The wide spectrum of histopathological changes has been identified in the internal organs and tissues of scallops: prokaryotic infection with prevalence 100%, destruction of digestive epithelium and other changes in digestive system, infiltration of organs by hemocytes and granulocytome formation. The most affected by prokaryotic infection organs are labial palps, lips, esophagus, intestine and gills. Several of the observed alterations seem to be related to prokaryotic infection.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.407-411
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• 1998

Aspergillosis, caused by infection with Aspergillus fumigatus and less commonly by other Aspergillus species, is a prevalent and costly respiratory disease of poultry, In a flock of chicks, the number of birds, 4∼5 months old, had become gradually emaciated and subsequently died. Gross necropsy revealed multiple granulomatous masses on the abdominal serosa. The masses, 4∼15 mm in size, were attached on mainly intestinal wall. Also, the smaller masses in size were on mesentery and pancreas. However, only a few small white nodules were scattered throughout liver and lung in few samples. Microscopically, the mass were granulomatous with a central area of necrosis containing numerous septate, branched fungal hypae consistent with Aspergillus sp. These were surrounded by macrophages, giant cells, lymphocytes and fibrous tissues. Nodular lesions of liver and lung were seemed to spread hemotogenously from intestine and the possible route of infection was speculated by oral. This report is a Aspergillus-induced granuloma limited to the serosa of abdominal cavity, especially of intestinal wall.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.233-237
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• 1982

Pathological studies on 6 milk goats administrated with urea were carried out to determine the effects of acute and chronic poisonings on the animal. Clinical signs appeared about 10 minutes after ingestion of the urea and they consisted chiefly in dullness, staggering, uncontrolled urination, dyspnea, frothy salivation, bloating, muscular tremor, humping of back and tetanic spasms. Macroscopic lesions were failure of blood clot, frothy and bloody contents in the highly congested respiratory tract, pulmonary edema, rumenitis and abomatitis accompanying with petechiation of the upper small intestine. Microscopically, the liver showed vacuolar degeneration, fatty change and areas of necrosis and partial proliferation of the interlobular connective tissues in chronic crises. The renal epithelium displaced vacuolar degeneration, necrosis and hyaline casts in their lumens. In the lungs, there were hyperemia, edema, hemorrhages, and acute catarrhal bronchitis. Neuronal degeneration and necrosis in the central nervous system, catarrhal rumenitis, abomatitis, doudenitis and myocardial hemorrhage were also demonstrated.