• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권11호
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• pp.1738-1745
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• 2007

A growth trial and a digestibility trial were conducted to examine the effect of feed particle size on the performance, nutrient digestibility, gastric ulceration and intestinal morphology in pigs fed barley-based diets. Barley was processed through a hammer mill to achieve four diets varying in particle size (average particle $size{\pm}standard $deviation): coarse ($1,100{\pm}2.19\;{\mu}m$), medium ($785{\pm}2.23\;{\mu}m$), fine ($434{\pm}1.70\;{\mu}m$) and mixed (1/3 of coarse, medium and fine) ($789{\pm}2.45\;{\mu}m$). Sixty-four entire male pigs were used in the growth trial and the diets were fed ad libitum between 31 kg and 87 kg live weight. Following slaughter, stomach and ileal tissues were scored for integrity (ulceration or damage) and histological measurements taken. Twenty-four entire male pigs were used in the digestibility trial, which involved total faecal collection. Over the entire growth phase, there were no differences (p>0.05) in average daily gain and feed conversion ratio between pigs fed diets of different particle size. Pigs fed the coarse and medium diets had lower (p<0.05) stomach ulceration scores (0.20 and 0.25, respectively, on a scale from 0 to 3) than those fed the mixed (0.69) or the fine diets (1.87). The stomachs of all animals fed the fine diet had lesions and stomach ulcerations were present only in this group. Pigs fed the fine diet had thicker (p<0.001) ileal epithelial cell layer with no differences (p>0.05) being observed for villous height or crypt depth. Faecal digestibility coefficients of neutral and acid detergent fibre were the highest (p<0.05) for the mixed diet, intermediate for the fine and coarse diets and the lowest for the medium diet. A similar numerical trend (p = 0.103) was observed for the apparent faecal energy digestibility coefficient. It is concluded that, with barley based diets, a variation in average particle size between $400{\mu}m$ and $1,100{\mu}m$ had no effect on pig performance but the fine dietary particle size affected the integrity of the stomach, as well as the structure of the small intestine, thus compromising overall gut health. Our data also demonstrate that changes in particle size distribution during the digestion process, rather than average particle size or particle size variation, are related to apparent faecal digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.403-409
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• 2018

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a lipid-coated zinc oxide (ZnO) supplement Shield Zn (SZ) at the sub-pharmacological concentration on intestinal morphology and gene expression in weanling pigs, with an aim to gain insights into the mechanism of actions for SZ. Methods: Forty 22-day-old weanling pigs were fed a nursery diet supplemented with 100 or 2,500 mg Zn/kg with uncoated ZnO (negative control [NC] or positive control [PC], respectively), 100, 200, or 400 mg Zn/kg with SZ for 14 days and their intestinal tissues were taken for histological and molecular biological examinations. The villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) of the intestinal mucosa were measured microscopically following preparation of the tissue specimen; expression of the genes associated with growth and immune function was determined using the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results: There was no difference in daily gain, gain:feed, and diarrhea score between the SZ group and either of NC and PC. The VH and VH:CD ratio were less for the SZ group vs NC in the jejunum and duodenum, respectively (p<0.05). The jejunal mucosal mRNA levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) and interleukin (IL)-10 regressed and tended to regress (p = 0.053) on the SZ concentration with a positive coefficient, respectively, whereas the IL-6 mRNA level regressed on the SZ concentration with a negative coefficient. The mRNA levels of IGF-I, zonula occludens protein-1, tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, IL-6, and IL-10 did not differ between the SZ group and either of NC and PC; the occludin and transforming growth $factor-{\beta}1$ mRNA levels were lower for the SZ group than for PC. Conclusion: The present results are interpreted to suggest that dietary ZnO provided by SZ may play a role in intestinal mucosal growth and immune function by modulating the expression of IGF-I, IL-6, and IL-10 genes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2015

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the dietary supplementation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal morphology and cecal microflora in broiler chickens. A total of two hundred and eighty eight 1-d-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly allocated to one of four experimental treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment was fed to eight replicate cages, with nine birds per cage. Dietary treatments were composed of an antibiotic-free basal diet (control), and the basal diet supplemented with either 15 mg/kg of virginiamycin as antibiotic growth promoter (AGP), 30 mg/kg of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-based DFM (DFM 30) or 60 mg/kg of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-based DFM (DFM 60). Experimental diets were fed in two phases: starter (d 1 to 21) and finisher (d 22 to 42). Growth performance, nutrient utilization, morphological parameters of the small intestine and cecal microbial populations were measured at the end of the starter (d 21) and finisher (d 42) phases. During the starter phase, DFM and virginiamycin supplementation improved the feed conversion ratio (FCR; p<0.01) compared with the control group. For the finisher phase and the overall experiment (d 1 to 42) broilers fed diets with the DFM had better body weight gain (BWG) and FCR than that of control (p<0.05). Supplementation of virginiamycin and DFM significantly increased the total tract apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM) and gross energy during both starter and finisher phases (p<0.05) compared with the control group. On d 21, villus height, crypt depth and villus height to crypt depth ratio of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were significantly increased for the birds fed with the DFM diets as compared with the control group (p<0.05). The DFM 30, DFM 60, and AGP groups decreased the Escherichia coli population in cecum at d 21 and d 42 compared with control group (p<0.01). In addition, the population of Lactobacillus was increased in DFM 30 and DFM 60 groups as compared with control and AGP groups (p<0.01). It can be concluded that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-based DFM could be an alternative to the use of AGPs in broilers diets based on plant protein.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2008

본 연구는 유기산 복합제(lactic acid 12%, formic acid 9%, citric acid 5%, butyric acid 5% and phosphoric acid 6%) 급여가 육계의 생산성, 장기무게, 장내 융모 형태 및 혈액내 면역적 특성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 시험을 실시하였다. 사양 시험은 2일령 Arbor Acre Broiler(male) 480수를 공시하였으며, 5주간 사양 시험을 실시하였다. 시험 설계는 1) CON(기초 사료), 2) OA1(기초 사료 + 유기산 복합제 0.1%) 및 3) OA2(기초 사료 + 유기산 복합제 0.2%)로 3개 처리를 하여 처리당 8반복, 반복당 20수씩 완전 임의 배치하였다. 전체 시험 기간동안 생산성은 처리구간 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 장기 무게에서는 근위 무게가 CON 처리구와 비교하여 OA2 처리구가 유의적으로 높게 나타내었다(Linear effect = 0.034). 하지만, 비장과 소장 무게에서는 처리구간 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 혈액내 면역적 성상에서는 처리구간 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 장의 융모에서는 CON 처리구와 비교하여 OA1 처리구가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(Quadratic effect = 0.050). 결론적으로, 본 시험의 결과 육계에 0.2% 유기산 복합제를 급여시 근위의 중량을 증가시키고, 0.1% 급여 시는 소장 융모의 길이를 증가시키는 효과가 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.1558-1564
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• 2019

Objective: This study investigated the effects of 1,3-1,6 beta-glucan added to the diet of Haidong chicks reared under hypoxic conditions, to ascertain the growth performances, immunity and intestinal morphology changes. Methods: A total of 750 chicks were divided into five groups and fed diets containing 0.5 g/kg, 1.0 g/kg, and 2.0 g/kg 1,3-1,6 beta-glucan from yeast (G1, G2, G3, respectively), 0.2 g/kg Taylor rhizomorph and a control feed. Results: The body weight and body weight gain were higher in chicks fed 1,3-1,6 beta-glucan and Taylor rhizomorph than in control group. Feed conversion ratio significantly differed for G2 and G3 groups in comparison to control group. The relative weight of bursa was higher in G1, G2, and G3 groups. The white blood cells and lymphocytes were significantly increased in groups fed 1,3-1,6 beta-glucan. The immunoglobulin G of serum peak appeared in the G3 group. The villous height of the duodenum was higher in 1,3-1,6 beta-glucan feed groups. In the jejunum, the villous height was higher in G2 and G3 groups and crypt depth for all the groups fed ${\beta}$-glucan. At ileum level the villous height and crypt depth was higher for groups G1, G2, and G3. Conclusion: The growth performance of Haidong chicks is improved when 10 and 20 g/kg 1,3-1,6 beta-glucan is included in the diet; hence, it is suggested that 1,3-1,6 beta-glucan be included in poultry diet to reduce and replace the use of antibiotics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권12호
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• pp.1784-1793
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of tributyrin (TB) on the growth performance, pro-inflammatory cytokines, intestinal morphology, energy status, disaccharidase activity, and antioxidative capacity of broilers challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of 160 one-day-old Cobb broilers were allocated to 1 of 4 treatments, with 4 replicated pens per treatment and 10 birds per pen. The experiment consisted of a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangements of treatments with TB supplementation (0 or 500 mg/kg) and LPS challenge (0 or $500{\mu}g/kg$ body weight [BW]). On days 22, 24, and 26 of the trial, broilers received an intraperitoneal administration of $500{\mu}g/kg$ BW LPS or saline. Dietary TB showed no effect on growth performance. However, LPS challenge decreased the average daily gain of broilers from day 22 to day 26 of the trial. Dietary TB supplementation inhibited the increase of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (in the jejunum and ileum), interleukin-6 (in the duodenum and jejunum), and prostaglandin $E_2$ (in the duodenum) of LPS-challenged broilers. Similar inhibitory effects of TB in the activities of total nitric oxide synthase (in the ileum) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (in the jejunum) were also observed in birds challenged with LPS. Additionally, TB supplementation mitigated the decrease of ileal adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate and total adenine nucleotide and the reduction of jejunal catalase activity induced by LPS. Taken together, these results suggest that the TB supplementation was able to reduce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and improve the energy status and anti-oxidative capacity in the small intestine of LPS-challenged broilers.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.273-280
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• 1976

1976년 6월 20일에 해운대 동백섬 연안에서 채집된 황아귀의 자어를 재료로 하여 초기생활사에 따른 형태변화 과정중 등지느러미 이극, 배지느러미, 색소포 및 소화관의 발적과정과 아가미, 새조 및 치아등의 형성과정에 관하여 관찰하였다. 1. 제1등지느러미 제1극의 원기는 부화직후인 2.7mm 전후에 생겨나 6.30mm 전후에서 극의 형태로 분화되며, 제2극은 5.82mm 전후에 원기가 나타나고 제3극은 6.45mm 전후에서 원기가 나타나 분화되는 것같다. 2. 배지느러미는 2.7mm 전후에 가슴지느러미의 바로 뒤쪽에서 원기가 나타나고, 처음에는 반원형으로 솟아나듯 하든 것이 차츰 발달함에 따라 뒤쪽으로 향해 곤봉상으로 길어지고, 전장 6.35mm 전후에서 전장의 1/2 정도의 크기로 발달하며, 가는 두 줄의 지느러미 줄기가 나타난다. 3. 색소포의 발달은 특히 미부에 있어서 2단계로 구분할 수 있는데, 부화직후(2.7mm 전후) 미부에 불규칙 9열로 분포하는 경우와 시일이 경과함에 따라 전장 4.25mm전후에는 뚜렷한 3개의 색소포군을 형성하는 경우를 들 수 있다. 4. 소화관은 부화직후인 2.7mm 전후에 창자의 시흔이 나타나기 시작하며 전장 5.4mm 전후에 난황이 축소되면서 창자의 굴곡등 소화관의 윤곽이 뚜렷해질 뿐만 아니라 입도 열리는 것 같다. 5. 아가미는 전장 6.35mm 전후에 시흔이 보이며 발달하기 시작하고 치아는 전장 6.25mm 전후에 원기가 나타나고 새조는 6.45mm 전후에 5개의 새조골을 볼 수 있다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.241-265
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• 1989

본 연구는 1986년 6월부터 1988년 8월에 걸쳐 충남대천, 인천소래, 경남흥도, 부산공동어시장 및 충남보령군 녹도 등에서 낭장망으로 채집한 병어와 덕대의 표본을 대상으로 난, 자어의 성장에 따른 외부형태, 내부형태 및 미성어와 성어에 대한 형태를 조사한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 병어와 덕대의 미수정난은 난경이 각각 $0.83\~1.27mm,\;1.05\~1.41mm$로 거의 구형이며 분리부성난이다. 병어 체장 185.0 mm 이상 개체와 덕대 체장 95.5 mm 개체에서 난이 최초로 성숙한다. 자어의 근절은 병어 13+22=35개, 덕대 $14\~15+23=37\~38$개로 성어의 척추골수와 일치한다. 자치어 외부형태 중 두드러진 특징은 가슴지느러미가 덕대에 비해 병어가 크고 덕대의 상악은 하악보다 돌출되어 있다. 덕대의 자어는 체장 $5.60\~7.25mm$에서 흑색소포가 몸의 중앙부 측면, 양택 선단 측면 및 두부에 산재되어 있고, 체장 16.50 mm의 전후의 개체에서 모든 지느러미 유조가 정수에 달하여 치어기로 이행한다. 덕대는 일반적으로 체장 $8.55\~10.00mm$의 개체에서 턱을 구성하는 악골이 최초로 골화하며 척추골의 골화는 두개골 및 내철골보다 빠르며 대체로 두부쪽에서 꼬리방향으로 골화가 진행된다. 병어와 덕대의 외부형태 식별은 턱의 생김새, 지느러미, 극조와 연조수, 협부의 형태 및 두부 후방에 보이는 미세한 파상무늬 등으로 할 수 있으며, 내부형질로는 척추골수, 새파수, 유문수, 식도낭의 형태, 장의 길이 및 상조골수등에 의한다. 병어와 덕대의 요대골은 전단부분이 견대골 쇄골하단에 접착되어 있으며, 미부의 상미축골은 2개이다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2021

Adult echinostomes having 37 collar spines collected from the intestine of Pitalah ducks in Aceh Province, Indonesia in 2018 were morphologically and molecularly determined to be Echinostoma miyagawai Ishii, 1932 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae). Among 20 ducks examined, 7 (35.0%) were found to be infected with this echinostome, and the number of flukes collected was 48 in total with average 6.9 (1-17) worms per duck. The adult flukes were 7.2 (6.1-8.5) mm in length and 1.2 (1.0-1.4) mm in width (pre-ovarian or testicular level) and characterized by having a head collar armed with 37 collar spines (dorsal spines arranged in 2 alternating rows), including 5 end group spines, and variable morphology of the testes, irregularly or deeply lobed (3-5 lobes) at times with horizontal extension. The eggs within the worm uterus were 93 (79-105) ㎛ long and 62 (56-70) ㎛ wide. These morphological features were consistent with both E. miyagawai and Echinostoma robustum, for which synonymy to each other has been raised. Sequencing of 2 mitochondrial genes, cox1 and nad1, revealed high homology with E. miyagawai (98.6-100% for cox1 and 99.0-99.8% for nad1) and also with E. robustum (99.3-99.8% for nad1) deposited in GenBank. We accepted the synonymy between the 2 species and diagnosed our flukes as E. miyagawai (syn. E. robustum) with redescription of its morphology. Further studies are required to determine the biological characteristics of E. miyagawai in Aceh Province, Indonesia, including the intermediate host and larval stage information.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.981-989
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• 2014

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of a mixture of functional oils (Essential, Oligo Basics Agroind. Ltda) on performance response of chickens challenged with coccidiosis and the determination of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), the coefficients of protein and ether extract digestibility and intestinal morphology of broilers fed with diets containing Essential. In Exp. 1, a completely randomized design (CRD) was used, with one control diet without Essential inclusion with coccidiosis (Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella) challenged birds and two different inclusion rates of Essential (1.5 kg/ton and 2 kg/ton) with coccidiosis-challenged and non-challenged birds for each inclusion rate, using 10 replicates and 50 birds per experimental unit. After 7 d of coccidiosis challenge, the livability was approximately 10% lower (p<0.05) for the control group. Intestinal lesion scores were lower (p<0.05) in the anterior intestine and the cecum for the chickens supplemented. Feed efficiency and growth rate were improved in birds supplemented with Essential (p<0.05) before the coccidiosis challenge and during the first 7 d post infection. In Exp. 2, a CRD was used, with one control diet without Essential inclusion and one diet with inclusion of Essential (1.5 kg/ton), using nine replications and 33 chicks per pen. The diets with Essential yielded approximately 4% higher AME (p = 0.003) and $AME_n$ (p = 0.001). Essential supplementation increased villus height in the jejunum on d 14 (p<0.05). Villus height:crypt depth ratio for the supplemented birds was larger (p<0.05) in the jejunum on d 7, larger (p<0.05) in the jejunum and ileum on d 14. In conclusion, these functional oils improved the energy utilization and the livability and decreased lesions caused by coccidiosis in supplemented birds.