• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.560-567
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• 1996

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of indigestible dextrin on bowel function and serum lipid. Recently developed indigestible dextrin is water soluble dietary fiber obtained by heating and enzyme-treatment of potato starch with low viscosity. SD male rats weighing 80~85g were divided into three groups; control diet(IC), control +5% pectin(IP), control +5% indigestible dextin(ID). Experimental rats were fed one of the experimental diets ad libitum for six weeks. Weight gain, food intake, and food efficiency ratio were not significantly different among other groups. Those of ID tended to be higher than in IP and IC. Weights of liver, spleen and kidney were not significantly different among groups. Epididymal fat pads weight in W and ID tended to be lower than in IC. The weight of cecum was sinificantly higher in m than in other groups(p<0.05). The weight and length of large intestine tended to be higher in IP and ID than in IC. Total feces excretion of ID and If tended to be more than that of IC. Transit time was shorter in IP than in other groups. Serum total lipid, total cholesterol and TG levels were higher in IC group than other groups. The fecal excretion of lipid was significantly higher in IP than in other groups(p<0.05). That of ID tended to be more than that of IC, so fat apparent absorption of ID was lower than that of IC. Ca absorption were decreased more in IP than in other groups(p<0.05).

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.299-306
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• 2008

Human pancreatic lipase is a digestive enzyme which is synthesized in pancreas, secreted into small intestine, and there hydrolyze the fat in food. Pancreatic lipase protein composes of catalytic domain and colipase-binding domain. In this research, the gene segments corresponding to total protein, catalytic domain, and co lipase-binding domain were cloned by PCR method, inserted into an expression vector, and then used to transform Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant proteins produced were purified and injected intramuscularly three times into laying hens. The egg yolk antibodies (IgY) were obtained from the egg yolks and tested for their antibody titer. Among three IgY, the IgY against colipase-binding domain showed the highest antibody titer. All three IgY had inhibitory effects on the porcine pancreatic lipase. Among them, the IgY against colipase-binding domain showed the highest inhibition effects. The fat diet with corn oil and IgY was administrated to the experimental rats and their blood compositions were examined with time course. The triglyceride concentration of treated rats was decrease meaningfully when compared with those of control rats. This suggested that the IgY against colipase-binding domain antigen inhibited pancreatic lipase in vivo.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.943-954
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• 2009

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the final and rate-limiting step of triglyceride synthesis. Both DGAT1 and DGAT2 genes code proteins with DGAT activity. Studies have shown DGAT1 polymorphisms associate with intramuscular fat deposition in beef cattle, but fewer associations between DGAT2 and beef cattle economic traits have been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in intron3 of bovine DGAT2 and evaluate the associations of that with carcass, meat quality, and fat yield traits. Test animals were 157 commercial feedlot steers belonging to 3 Chinese native breeds (22 for Luxi, 24 for Jinnan, and 23 for Qinchuan), 3 cross populations (20 for Charolais${\times}$Fuzhou, 18 for Limousin ${\times}$Luxi, and 17 for Simmental${\times}$Jinan) and 1 Taurus pure breed population (16 Angus steers). In the current study, 15 SNP were discovered in intron3 and exon4 of DGAT2 at positions 65, 128, 178, 210, 241, 255, 270, 312, 328, 334, 365, 366, 371, 415, and 437 (named as their positions in PCR amplified fragments). Only 7 of them (128, 178, 241, 270, 312, 328, and 371) were analyzed, because SNP in three groups (65-128-255, 178-210-365 and 241-334-366) were in complete linkage disequilibrium within the group, and SNP 415 was a deletion and 437 was a null mutation. Frequencies for rare alleles in the 3 native breed populations were higher than in the 3 cross populations for 178 (p = 0.04), 270 (p = 0.001), 312 (p = 0.03) and 371 (p = 0.002). A general linear model was used to evaluate the associations between either SNP genotypes or allele substitutions and the measured traits. Results showed that SNP 270 had a significant association with the fat yield associated with kidney, pelvic cavity, heart, intestine, and stomach (KPHISY). Animals with genotype CC and CT for 270 had less (CC: -7.71${\pm}$3.3 kg and CT: -5.34${\pm}$2.5 kg) KPHISY than animals with genotype TT (p = 0.02). Allele C for 270 was associated with an increase of -4.26${\pm}$1.52 kg KPHISY (p = 0.006) and $-0.92{\pm}0.45%$ of retail cuts weight percentage (NMP, Retail cuts weight/slaughter body weight) (p = 0.045); allele G for 312 was associated with an increase of -5.45${\pm}$2.41 kg KPHISY (p = 0.026). An initial conclusion was that associations do exist between DGAT2 gene and carcass fat traits. Because of the small sample size of this study, it is proposed that further effort is required to validate these findings in larger populations.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.671-680
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• 2019

Cathepsin D (CatD, EC 3.4.23.5) is a member belonging to the subfamily of aspartic endopeptidases, which are classified into the MEROPS clan AA, family A1. Helminth parasites express a large set of different peptidases that play pivotal roles in parasite biology and pathophysiology. However, CatD is less well known than the other classes of peptidases in terms of biochemical properties and biological functions. In this study, we identified 2 novel CatDs (CsCatD1 and CsCatD2) of Clonorchis sinensis and partially characterized their properties. Both CsCatDs represent typical enzymes sharing amino acid residues and motifs that are tightly conserved in the CatD superfamily of proteins. Both CsCatDs showed similar patterns of expression in different developmental stages of C. sinensis, but CsCatD2 was also expressed in metacercariae. CsCatD2 was mainly expressed in the intestines and eggs of C. sinensis. Sera obtained from rats experimentally infected with C. sinensis reacted with recombinant CsCatD2 beginning 2 weeks after infection and the antibody titers were gradually increased by maturation of the parasite. Structural analysis of CsCatD2 revealed a bilobed enzyme structure consisting of 2 antiparallel β-sheet domains packed against each other forming a homodimeric structure. These results suggested a plausible biological role of CsCatD2 in the nutrition and reproduction of parasite and its potential utility as a serodiagnostic antigen in clonorchiasis.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.57-63
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• 2017

Objectives : The aim of this study is to search Korean Medicine with the superior inhibitory effect of pancreatic lipase including a possibility as a well-matched sauce material with pork. Methods : We chose 5 samples which have the potent inhibitory effect of pancreatic lipase enzyme among 9 samples. 5 samples were Glycyrrhizae rhizoma, Cinnamomi cortex, Ganoderma lucidum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Schisandra chinensis. Animals were divided into eight groups (n=7). The experimental groups except for normal group were fed 60% high-fat diet. 5 samples were orally administered at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight and orlistat were orally administrated at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight for 7 days. Biochemical anaylses of 5 samples were executed based on lipid parameters such as triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC). Results : Korean Medicines with $IC_{50}$ of below $1mg/m{\ell}$ were Glycyrrhizae rhizoma, Cinnamomi cortex, Ganoderma lucidum, Syzygium aromaticum, and Schisandra chinensis. Body weight change of all drug-treated groups except Glycyrrhizae rhizoma reduced significantly during the experimental period. Orlistat treatment reduced significantly both TG and TC in serum. The significant emission of TG in fece showed in Cinnamomi cortex treatment, whereas Ganoderma lucidum and Syzygium aromaticum showed a tendency to increase without a significance. Besides, Ganoderma lucidum and Schisandra chinensis emitted significantly TC to fece. Conclusions : In conclusion, Cinnamomi cortex may exert anti-obesity effect by directly inhibiting pancreatic lipase, which would prevent the absorption of lipid from the small intestine. Accordingly, Cinnamomi cortex may suggest a high possibility as a well-matched sauce material with pork.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.118-124
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• 2018

In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with fruiting body of Agaricus brasiliensis (AB) mushroom on the lipid profiles of serum and histological patterns of liver of high cholesterol-fed rats. Five-week-old, female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were divided into three groups of 8 rats each, including a normal control-diet (NC) group, a high-cholesterol diet (HC) group, and a group fed high-cholesterol diet supplemented with 5 % powder of Agaricus brasiliensis fruiting bodies (HC+AB). Total serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG) concentrations in the HC+AB group were significantly reduced when compared with those in the HC group. Body weight in the HC+AB group was significantly lower than that in the HC group, whereas no adverse effects were observed on the levels of plasma albumin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, glucose, and total protein. In the HC+AB group, liver enzyme activities related to liver function, such as GOT and GPT, presented values lower than those in the HC group and were very similar to the ones in the NC group. Excretion of total lipid and cholesterol in feces in the HC+AB group was significantly higher than that in the NC and HC groups, indicating that mushroom feeding inhibits the absorption of lipid cholesterol in the intestine. Liver histopathological analyses revealed that rats fed with HC diet developed fat liver disease, whereas only small amounts of fat were deposited in the livers of the HC+AB group. In conclusion, the results suggest that fruiting body powder of A. brasiliensis provides health benefits to high-cholesterol-fed rats by lowering body weight and the risk of atherogenic lipid profile.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.186-192
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• 1997

Increased activities of phase 2 enzymes including quinone reductase(QR) have been reported to be associated with protection of animals from neoplastic, mutagenic, and other toxic effects of many carcinogens. In previous study, we found that methanol extract of roasted and defatted perilla meal induced the activity of quinone reductase, an anticarcinogenic marker enzyme, in murine hepalc1c7 cells. Current study showed that unroasted perilla had a limited QR-inducing activity, suggesting that roasting cause the generation of active component(s). Thus we hypothesized that QR inducer in perilla might be covalently linked to sugar moiety and released during roasting process. Methanol extract of defatted raw perilla was subject to acid treatment in order to hydrolyze the potential sugar moiety. Prolonged hydrolysis of methanol extract of defatted raw perilla at $98{\sim}100^{\circ}C$ increased the ability to induce cytosolic QR activity of hepalclc7 cells. Furthermore roasting at 180 and $200^{\circ}C$ resulted in significant induction of QR activity. The result strongly support the idea that QR inducer(s) is present in bound form in raw perilla and released during roasting. Cellular QR activity was induced proportionately with the increase of concentration of methanol extract of roasted perilla. The induction of QR by defatted perilla was also examined in the cytosols of liver, small intestine, stomach, lung and kidney of male ICR mice. Induction patterns showed specificity with respect to target tissue and roasting of perilla. Unroasted perilla meal (defatted) significantly induced QR in liver and lung, while roasted perilla meal induced QR in liver and stomach. The observation that raw perilla showed similar QR induction patterns to roasted perilla is consistent with our proposal that QR inducer(s) is present in bound form and released by physical and chemical treatments as digestive or microbial enzymes could release the inducers from inactive glycoside forms in gastrointestinal tract of mice. In conclusion, perilla could exert protective effect against chemically induced carcinogenesis by inducing phase 2 enzymes in biological systems regardless of chemical and physical process such as roasting.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.55-62
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• 2009

Milk is called an almost complete food in terms of nutrition, especially for the younger generations because it contains a number of nutrients required for growth and development. Lactose intolerance is defined as a malabsorption of lactose in the intestine with some typical symptoms of abdominal pains and bloating, and occurred at 75% of global populations, which hampers milk consumption worldwide. Lacks of milk consumption in the underdeveloped countries frequently lead to many nutrients deficiencies, so that diseases including osteoporosis, hypertension, and colon cancer are more prevalent in the recent days. Lactose in foods needs to be hydrolyzed prior to intestinal absorption. The hydrolytic enzyme responsible for splitting lactose into its monomeric forms, glucose and galactose, is called as lactase or $\beta$-galactosidase. The former is primarily used as blood sugar and energy source and the latter used in glycolipid synthesis of brain tissues in infants. Lactose is clinically diagnosed with the breath hydrogen production test as well as intestinal biopsy. Reportedly, symptoms of lactose intolerance are widely prevalent at 25% of Europeans, 50 to 80% of Hispanics, South Indians, Africans, and Jews, almost 100% of Asians and native Americans. For the adults, phenotype of lactase persistence, which is able to hydrolyse lactose, is more common in the northern Europeans, but in the other area lactase non-persistence or adult-type hypolactasia is dominant. Genetic analysis on human lactase gene continued that lactase persistence was closely related to the err site of 1390 single nucleotide polymorphism from the 5'-end. To alleviate severity of lactose intolerance symptoms, some eating patterns including drinking milk a single cup or less, consumption along with other foods, whole milk rather than skimmed milk, and drink with live yogurt cultures, are highly recommended for the lactose maldigesters. Also, delay of gastric emptying is effective to avoid the symptoms from lactose intolerance. Frequency of lactose intolerance with conventional diagnosis is thought overestimated mainly because the subjects are exposed to too much lactose of 50 g rather than a single serving amount. Thus simple and accurate diagnostic method for lactose intolerance need to be established. It is thought that fermented milk products and low- or free lactose milks help improve currently stagnant milk consumption due to lactose intolerance which contributes to major barrier in milk marketing especially in Asian countries.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.184-190
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• 1984

Sardine, Sardinops melanosticta, has been caught more than fifty thousand metric tons every year in adjacent sea of Korea, but most of them used for uneatable fish meal because of their rapid spoilage. Usually it is known that the main reason of putrefaction of foods is caused by the maicro-organisms included in them. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to identify the micro-organisms isolated from the intestine of fresh sardine and characterize their proteolytic enzymes produced from them. Aerobic cell count ranged from $1.7{\times}10^4\;to\;3.6{\times}10^5/g$, while anaerobic cell count, from $2.9{\times}10^4\;to\;5.5{\times}10^5/g$. Most of the isolated strains were psychrotrophic mesophiles. Among the two hundred and eighty strains isolated from the fresh samples, fifty-six strains ($20.0\%$) were proteolytics, one hundred and seventy-five strains ($62.5\%$) were lipolytics and tenty-nine strains ($10.5\%$) had the ability to produce hydrogn sulfide. The most predominantly isolated microbial groups from the fresh sardine were Moraxella ($31.4\%$) and Pseudomonas sup. ($28.6\%$). Flavobacterium-Cytophaga, Vibrio, Acinetobacter, Micrococcus spp. and Enterobacteriaceae appeared from $7.9\%\;to\;5\%$ out of total tested strains. The average bacterial count in the spoiled samples (stored at about $18^{\circ}C$ for 48 hours) was increased to the level of $2.9{\times}10^8/g$ for aerobes, $1.5{\times}10^8/g$ for anaerobes, then one hundred and ten strains, corresponding to $52\%$, out of two hundred and thirteen strains submitted to the test were proteolytics. The strongest proteolytic bacterium among the two hundred and eighty strains was identified as Pseudomonas 101 which grew best at $25^{\circ}C$. The optimum condition for the activity of the proteolytic enzyme produced by Pseudomonas 101 appeared $35^{\circ}C$ and pH 9.0, but the activity was relatively unchanged between 5.0 and 11.0 of pH and between $30^{\circ}C\;and\;50^{\circ}C$ of temperature.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1226-1231
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• 2009

Enzyme substitution with recombinant phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.5) is currently being explored for treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU), an autosomal recessive genetic disorder with mutations of the gene encoding phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.1). However, oral administration of PAL is limited because of proteolytic digestion in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to determine the biochemical properties of PAL and delinate the susceptibility of wild-type PAL to pancreatic proteolysis by exploring several mutants, and to develop therapeutic drugs with PAL for PKU. The specific activity of PAL was assayed and its optimal pH, temperature stability, and intestinal protease susceptibility were investigated. Its $V_{max}$ values for phenylalanine and tyrosine were 1.77 and $0.47{\mu}mol$/ min/mg protein, respectively, and its $K_m$ values were $4.77{\times}10^{-4}$ and $4.37{\times}10^{-4}\;M$, respectively. PAL showed an optimal pH at 8.5, corresponding to the average pH range of the small intestine. It showed no loss of activity at $-80^{\circ}C$ for 5 months and possessed 93.4% of its activity under $4^{\circ}C$ for 4 wks. PAL was susceptible to chymotrypsin digestion and, to a lesser extent, to trypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase A, and B. The trypsin and chymotrypsin cleaving sites were mutated to investigate protection from pancreatic digestion and the specific activities of these mutants were evaluated. The six mutants displayed low specific activities compared to the wild-type, suggesting that the primary trypsin and chymotrypsin cleaving sites may be essential for catalytic reaction. The PAL mutants could therefore be applied as a pretreatment modality without susceptibility to proteolytic attack, however, additional modification for enhancing enzymatic activity is needed to reduce the Phe levels effectively.