• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.295-306
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• 2007

The growth and health of the fetus and neonate are directly influenced by the nutritional and physiological status of sows. Sows are often under catabolic conditions due to restrict feeding program during pregnancy and low voluntary feed intake during lactation. The current restrict feeding program, which aims at controlling energy intake during gestation, results in an inadequate supply of dietary protein for fetal and mammary gland growth. Low voluntary feed intake during lactation also causes massive maternal tissue mobilization. Provision of amino acids and fatty acids with specific functions may enhance the performance of pregnant and lactating sows by modulating key metabolic pathways. These nutrients include arginine, branched-chain amino acids, glutamine, tryptophan, proline, conjugated linoleic acids, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid, which can enhance conception rates, embryogenesis, blood flow, antioxidant activity, appetite, translation initiation for protein synthesis, immune cell proliferation, and intestinal development. The outcome is to improve sow reproductive performance as well as fetal and neonatal growth and health. Dietary supplementation with functional amino acids and fatty acids holds great promise in optimizing nutrition, health, and production performance of sows and piglets. (Supported by funds from Texas Tech, USDA, NLRI-RDA-Korea, and China NSF).

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2014

Probiotics have been extensively studied for their beneficial effects on human health. In particular, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains have gained considerable attention as major groups of probiotic bacteria that improve gastrointestinal health. However, emerging evidence suggests that probiotics offer benefits beyond those observed in the gut recent studies suggest that probiotics and/or their components exert favorable effects on alcoholic liver disease (ALD) pathogenesis such as decreasing intestinal permeability, inhibiting pathogenic bacteria growth, increasing the activity of alcohol metabolism enzymes, modulating the adaptive immune system, and suppressing fatty acid synthesis genes. In this review, we discuss the results of in vivo and in vitro studies that have examined the use of probiotics to prevent ALD, primarily focusing on those that explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the activities of promising probiotic strains. The evidence presented in this review could help in screening for probiotic strains that have protective effects in ALD patients and in further elucidating the mechanisms of their actions.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.139-144
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• 1988

Piperacillin phthalidyl ester was synthesized by reacting piperacillin with triethylamine and bromophthalide in acetone and its chemical structure was determined by UV, IR, and PMR. The partition coefficient of the ester was increased and the ester was more lipophilic and less water soluble than piperacillin. The ester did not show the antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 in vitro, but when hydrolyzed, the parent drug of ester, piperacillin, revealed antimicrobial activity in vivo. After a single oral dose of both piperacillin and the ester to rabbits, the serum piperacillin concentration was measured by bioassay. The ester exhibited improved pharmatokinetic characteristics: $T_{max}\;of\;2hr,\;C_{max}\;of\;4.26{\mu}g{\cdot}ml^{-1},K_{el}\;of\;0.057hr^{-1},\;and\;total\;AUC\;of\;85.42{\mu}g{\cdot}hr{\cdot}ml^{-1}$. Piperacillin on the other hand, did not exhibit any gastro-intestinal absorption.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.543-560
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• 2000

The present paper gives a general overview on amino acid nutrition mainly focused on the concept of ideal protein and amino acid requirements in swine and poultry. Also, the nutritional, economic and environmental roles of synthetic amino acids are presented. A special emphasis has been given to the protein sparing effect by the supplementation of synthetic amino acids into diet and to the effect of this supplementation on growth performance and reduction of environmental pollutants in swine and poultry manure. It is concluded that the supplementation of limited amounts of synthetic amino acids (0.1 to 0.3%) to diets for swine and poultry could spare 2 to 3 percentage units of dietary protein and substantially reduce nutrient excretion, especially nitrogen. Immunocompetency as affected by amino acid nutrition is also introduced and the importance of threonine for the synthesis of immunoproteins in colostrum and milk to maintain piglets' health and intestinal integrity has been emphasized. Finally, some speculation on the future of global amino acids market is presented in conclusion.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 1998

Dextran-5-aminosalicylic acid ester (dextran-5-ASA) was synthesized as a colon-specific prodrug of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) which is active against inflammatory bowel diseases. Chemical stability of dextran-5-ASA in the bath of pH 1.2 or 6.8 was investigated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 6 hrs, and 5-ASA was not released on such conditions. Depolymerization (%) of dextran-5-ASA by dextranase with the degree of substitution (DS) of 18, 23, or 30 was 92, 62 or 45 in 8 hrs respectively, but was not affected by the MW of dextran (9,000, 40,600, 80,200 or 580,000). Distribution of 5-ASA in dextran, determined by gel filtration chromatography, appeared to be relatively uniform. Incubation of dextran-5-ASA (DS 18) in cecal contents of rats released 20% (28 g) and 35% (49 g) of 5-ASA in 8 hrs and 24 hrs, respectively, but no 5-ASA was liberated from small intestinal contents.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.295-298
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• 2018

Lactobacillus plantarum is a Gram-positive, facultative heterofermentative, nonspore-forming nonmotile bacterium found in a wide range of environmental niches. Here we present the complete genome sequence of L. plantarum SK151 isolated from kimchi, which shows high adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells. The genome is 3,231,249 bp in length and has a GC content of 44.6%. The genome contains genes related to cell adhesion and a complete operon for riboflavin biosynthesis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.43-56
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• 2001

Colostrum contains various kinds of cytokines including TGF-${\beta}$ which is known to be multifunctional in immune response and act as an anti-inflammatory agent. First, we measured the amount of TGF-${\beta}$ in bovine and human colostrum. Expression pattern of TGF-${\beta}$ isotypes was dramatically different between human and bovine colostrial samples. Bovine colostrum collected on day 1 post-delivery retained $41.79{\pm}16.96ng/ml$ of TGF-${\beta}$ 1 and $108.4{\pm}78.65ng/ml$ of TGF-${\beta}$ 2 while in human, $284{\pm}124.75ng/ml$ of TGF-${\beta}$ 1 and $29.75{\pm}6.73ng/ml$ of TGF-${\beta}$ 2. Thus, TGF-${\beta}$ is the predominant TGF-${\beta}$ isotype in bovine colostrum and vice versa in human colostrum. Both TGF-${\beta}$ isotypes diminished significantly in human and bovine colostrum with time. Next, biological activity of colostrial samples was examined in vitro. Both human and bovine colostrum increased IgA synthesis by LPS-activated mouse spleen B cells, which is a typical effect of TGF-${\beta}$ on the mouse B cell differentiation. Futhermore, we found that anti-proliferative activity in MV1LU cells by colostrum samples disappeared by addition of anti-TGF-${\beta}$ 1 and anti-TGF-${\beta}$ 2 antibody. In conclusion, there are substantial amounts of biologically active TGF-${\beta}$ 1 and TGF-${\beta}$ 2 in bovine and human colostrum. The results that the colostrum can increase IgA expression has important implications since IgA is the major Ig class produced in the gastrointestinal tract. We have previously shown that the stimulatory effect of Bifidobacteria bifidum on spllen B cells was quite similar to that of LPS which is a well-known polyclonal activator for murine B cells. In the present study, we further asked whether B. bifidum regulate the synthesis of IgA by mucosal lymphoid cells present in Peyers patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). B. bifidum alone, but not C. perfringens, significantly induced overall IgA and IgM synthesis by both MLN and PP cells. This observation indicates that B. bifidum possesses a modulatory effect on the mucosal antibody production in vivo. We, therefore, investigated the mucosal antibody prodduction following peroral administration of B. bifidum to mice. Ingested B. bifidum significantly increased the numbers of Ig (IgM, IgG, and IgA) secreting cells in the culture of both MLN and spleen cells, indicating that peroally introduced B. bifidum enhances mucosal and systemic antibody response. Importantly, however, B. bifidum itself does not induce the own specific antibody responses, implying that B. bifidum do not incite any unwanted immune reaction. Subsequently, it was found that excapsulation of B. bifidum further augments the total IgA production by increasing the number of IgA-secreting cells in the culture of both MLN and spleen cells. Finally, we found that the immuno-stimulating activity of B. bifidum is due to its cell wall components but not due to any actively secreting component(s) from bacteria. Thus our data reveal that peroral administration of B. bifidum can enhance intestinal IgA production and that encapsulation of B. bifidum further reinforces the IgA production.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2022

The migration and proliferation of keratinocytes are key events in re-epithelization, itself a major phase in the wound healing process. Cuscuta japonica Choisy (CJC) is used as a traditional medicine to improve liver, heart, and intestinal function, and its extracts are reported to have various biological properties such as whitening, anti-oxidancy, and an anti-acne effect. However, it is not yet known in particular whether or not CJC essential oil (CJCEO) affects skin regeneration. In the present study, we isolated CJCEO by solvent extraction and tested its effect on wound healing responses using normal human keratinocytes, namely HaCaT cells. We found that CJCEO induced proliferation as well as migration in HaCaT cells in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with a control group, CJCEO treatment at 250 ㎍/ml increased proliferation by 239.98±5.51% in HaCaT cells in a dose and migration by 124.86±6.06%. Moreover, the oil induced sprout outgrowth and, at 250 ㎍/ml, increased collagen synthesis by 148.56±15.47% in HaCaT cells. These results demonstrate that CJCEO may promote skin regeneration and wound healing by increasing the migration, proliferation, and collagen synthesis of HaCaT cells. We therefore suggest that CJCEO could be used as a cosmetic material.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1267-1278
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• 2009

Three beef steers fitted with permanent cannulae in the rumen and duodenum were used to determine the effects of protein supply from soyhulls (SH) and wheat bran (WB) on ruminal metabolism, blood metabolites, nitrogen metabolism, nutrient digestion and concentrations of soluble non-ammonia nitrogen (SNAN) in ruminal (RD) and omasal digesta (OD). In a 3${\times}$3 Latin square design, steers were offered rice straw and concentrates formulated either without (control) or with two brans to increase crude protein (CP) level (9 vs. 11% dietary DM for control and bran-based diets, respectively). The brans used were SH and WB that had similar CP contents but different ruminal CP degradability (52 vs. 80% CP for SH and WB, respectively) for evaluating the effects of protein degradability. Ruminal ammonia concentrations were higher for bran diets (p<0.01) than for the control, and for WB (p<0.001) compared to the SH diet. Similarly, microbial nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen were significantly increased (p<0.05) by bran and WB diets, respectively. Retained nitrogen tended (p<0.082) to be increased by SH compared with the WB diet. Intestinal and total tract CP digestion was enhanced by bran diets. In addition, bran diets tended (p<0.085) to increase intestinal starch digestion. Concentrations of SNAN fractions in RD and OD were higher (p<0.05) for bran diets than for the control, and for WB than for the SH diet. More rumendegraded protein supply resulting from a higher level and degradability of CP released from SH and WB enhanced ruminal microbial nitrogen synthesis and ruminal protein degradation. Thus, free amino acids, peptides and soluble proteins from microbial cells as well as degraded dietary protein may have contributed to increased SNAN concentrations in the rumen and, consequently, the omasum. These results indicate that protein supply from SH and WB, having a low level of protein (13 and 16%, respectively), could affect ruminal metabolism and nutrient digestion if inclusion level is relatively high (>20%).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1571-1586
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• 2012

On earth, there are about 5,400 kinds of mammals, of which about 1,000 kinds are herbivores. Among herbivores, about 250 kinds are known to be ruminants. As for cattle and sheep, which are ruminants, fermentation takes places mainly in their rumen; in contrast, for pigs and men, which are non-ruminants, fermentation takes place mainly in their caecum, colon, and rectum. As for the kind and dominance of rumen microorganisms, Bacteroidetes account for 51% and Firmicutes for 43%. As for the dominance of the large intestine microorganisms in men, Firmicutes account for 65% and Bacteroidetes for 25%. Cell wall components are decomposed by microorganisms, and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are generated through fermentation; the ratio of acetate, propionate, and butyrate generate is 60:25:15. Butyrate absorbed through the primary butyrate transporter MCT1 (mono carboxylate transports-1) in the intestines activates such SCFA receptors as GPR43 and GPR41. Butyrate has a strong anti-tumorigenic function. Butyrate is characterized by the fact that it has an effect on many cancer cells, contributes to the coordination of functions in the cells, and induces cancer apoptosis. Butyrate activates caspase but inhibits the activity of HDAC (histone deacetylase), so as to induce apoptosis. In addition, it increases p53 expression, so as to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Anti-inflammation actions of SCFA include the reduction of IL-8 expression in intestinal epithelial cells, the inhibition of NO synthesis, and the restraint of the activity of NF-${\kappa}B$ (nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$), so as to suppress the occurrence of cancers caused by inflammation. Butyrate plays an important role in maintaining physiological functions of intestinal mucous membranes and is used as a cure for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).