• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.730-737
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was done to identify the time interval to pressure ulcer and to determine the optimal time interval for position change depending on pressure ulcer risk in patients using foam mattress in intensive care units. Methods: The Braden scale score, occurrence of pressure ulcers and position change intervals were assessed with 56 patients admitted to an intensive care unit from April to November, 2011. The time to pressure ulcer occurrence by Braden scale risk group was analyzed with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log rank test. Then, the optimal time interval for position change was calculated with ROC curve. Results: The median time to pressure ulcer occurrence was 5 hours at mild or moderate risk, 3.5 hours at high risk and 3 hours at very high risk on the Braden scale. The optimal time interval for position change was 3 hours at mild and moderate risk, 2 hours at high and very high risk of Braden scale. Conclusion: When foam mattresses are used a slight extension of the time interval for position change can be considered for the patients with mild or moderate pressure ulcer risk but not for patients with high or very high pressure ulcer risk by Braden scale.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.47-64
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• 2020

In this paper, we derive some estimators of the scale parameter of the exponentiated half-logistic distribution based on the multiply Type-I hybrid censoring scheme. We assume that the shape parameter λ is known. We obtain the maximum likelihood estimator of the scale parameter σ. The scale parameter is estimated by approximating the given likelihood function using two different Taylor series expansions since the likelihood equation is not explicitly solved. We also obtain Bayes estimators using prior distribution. To obtain the Bayes estimators, we use the squared error loss function and general entropy loss function (shape parameter q = -0.5, 1.0). We also derive interval estimation such as the asymptotic confidence interval, the credible interval, and the highest posterior density interval. Finally, we compare the proposed estimators in the sense of the mean squared error through Monte Carlo simulation. The average length of 95% intervals and the corresponding coverage probability are also obtained.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.461-472
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• 1994

The main purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of FIPS as an assessment tool for pain in children. The subject were 81 children whose ages ranged from 3 to 14 years old who were experiencing pain from an intramuscular injection. 40 were being seen in a local primary hospital and 41 in a university hospital. The data were collected in two settings at a 6 month interval, the first was on Nov. 5th 1991 in a local clinic by one doctor, the second was on May 1st. 1992 in a university hospital by two nurse. McGrath's(1985) face interval cards and weight box scale which is a numeral scale that contains from one to five boxes of cards were used as measures. To analyze the subject's ability to use the face scale and weight box scale, statistical frequency was employed. To determine the difference in the rated pain in-tensity on the face interval scale and the weight box, Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test were employed. To compare the difference in the rated pain intensity of the face interval scale and the weight box scale according to subject's general characteristics, X²-test was employed. The findings were as follows : 1. The subject's ages were from 3 to 14 with a mean age of 8.3 years old. There were 54(66.7%) male children and 27(33.3%) female children. 2. The number of subjects who correctly displayed cards ranging from none to severe pain was 66(81.5%) and the number who correctly compared two cards 3 times was 73(90.l％). 3. Correlation coefficients between each level card of the FIPS and WBS (Weight Box Scale) were r=.52∼.80 P<0.01. 4. There was no statistical difference in rating of the intensity on the FIPS and WBS.(t=1.12∼l.02, P<0.22∼0.45). 5. The differences in rating pain intensity according to the children's general characteristics were re-lated to age(X²=8.94, P<0.05), but not to sex (X²=0.23, P=0.80).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.426-430
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• 2000

This study is about the human sensibility measurement method. Researches on human sensibility measurement have been performed in many aspects. However, due to the subtlety and intricacy of human sensibility, it has been difficult to exactly measure human sensibility.At present, Semantic Differential(SD) method is most widely used to quantify human sensibility. In SD method, complicate human sensibility is represented on a scale with equal interval or equal ratio. However, this method has a critical problem in that human sensibility cannot be expressed with equal interval or equal ratio.In order to complement SD method and represent human sensibilities appropriately, we proposed an alternative method using the chroma-scale with saturation that had not equal interval or ratio. In experiment, proposed method shown that subjects understood a new scale easily and they could express their sensibilities on a new scale without any limitation. As a result, the chroma-scale can be used not only for measuring consumer's preference but also for evaluating or selecting sensibility words.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.533-537
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• 2005

A Likert scale is an often used questionnaire format. It requests respondents to specify their level of agreement to each of a list of statements. A typical question using a five-point Likert scale might make a statement. The results shows vague values. We have five-point fuzzy membership function by fuzzy valued three-point for the question and fuzzy hypothesis test the membership function by 95% confidence interval.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 2020

Purpose: The study aims to assess the inter-rater reliability of the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale between the research nurses and the triage nurses. Methods: Interrater reliability was measured on 400 adult (≧15) and 400 pediatric (<15) patients who visited the emergency medical center from January 4 to June 30, 2018. Results: The study result showed that the inter-rater reliability of the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale was substantial, with κ=.73 (95% Confidence interval= .68-.78) and 77.0 percent agreement. The inter-rater of Pediatric Korean Triage and Acuity Scale was also substantial, with κ=.76 (95% Confidence interval= .71-.82) and 83.8 percent agreement. Conclusion: Although the inter-rater reliability of the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale was acceptable, the percent agreement was lower than the desirable level (<80.0%). It was confirmed that Pediatric Korean Triage and Acuity Scale had an acceptable level of inter-rater reliability and percent agreement for clinical use. Efforts should be made to improve the reliability in the future.

• IEIE Transactions on Smart Processing and Computing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2016

Optimizing the number of ad clicks is a large-scale learning problem that is central to the multi-billion dollar mobile advertising industry. There are currently several optimization methods used, including ad mediation and ad positioning. This paper proposes a new method to optimize mobile advertising by using the ad refresh interval. A new metric, which can measure and compare mobile advertising performance, takes into account time limitations. The results achieved from this optimization study could maximize revenue for mobile advertisers and publishers. This research has high applicability. It also lays out a solid background for future research in this promising area.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.61-69
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• 2013

As construction for road and train tunnel is increasing, various geotechnical conditions can be faced during the construction stage. Especially, if the tunnel is located in limestone area, the cavity is mostly to locate in tunnel planning location. One or some cavities which can be harmful for tunnel safety are predicted. Hence, this study was fulfilled to confirm the influence between tunnel and cavity using laboratory scale down model test and numerical analysis. The scale down model test was carried out to confirm the failure load of the model ground about the interval length of cavity and tunnel and to analyze behaviour characteristics of the model ground on the cavity shape. From the model test result, the failure load decrease in accordance with decreasing of interval length between cavity and tunnel within 0.5D. The numerical analyses were carried out for verification about scale down model test. From the numerical analysis result, tunnel safety decreases in the case of the interval between cavity and tunnel within 0.5D.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.243-249
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• 2017

Pain is subjective, while statistics related to pain research are objective. This review was written to help researchers involved in pain research make statistical decisions. The main issues are related with the level of scales that are often used in pain research, the choice of statistical methods between parametric or nonparametric statistics, and problems which arise from repeated measurements. In the field of pain research, parametric statistics used to be applied in an erroneous way. This is closely related with the scales of data and repeated measurements. The level of scales includes nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. The level of scales affects the choice of statistics between parametric or non-parametric methods. In the field of pain research, the most frequently used pain assessment scale is the ordinal scale, which would include the visual analogue scale (VAS). There used to be another view, however, which considered the VAS to be an interval or ratio scale, so that the usage of parametric statistics would be accepted practically in some cases. Repeated measurements of the same subjects always complicates statistics. It means that measurements inevitably have correlations between each other, and would preclude the application of one-way ANOVA in which independence between the measurements is necessary. Repeated measures of ANOVA (RMANOVA), however, would permit the comparison between the correlated measurements as long as the condition of sphericity assumption is satisfied. Conclusively, parametric statistical methods should be used only when the assumptions of parametric statistics, such as normality and sphericity, are established.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.191-197
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• 2000

Objectives : Risperidone is a new antipsychotic drug developed to overcome the therapeutic limitation of conventional antipsychotics. It responses to negative as well as positive symptoms by blocking both dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors, causing no significant side effects such as agranulocytosis and seizure. It is, however, not known whether it induces any serious cardiovascular side effects as evoked by other conventional antipsychotic drugs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of risperidone on cardiovascular function, and to discuss the factors affecting the cardiovascular function. Methods : For 42 patients(22 males and 20 females) diagnosed as schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder or schizoaffective disorder according to the DSM-IV classification, the cardiovascular fuctions such as heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, PR interval, QRS interval and QT interval were successively checked before and after 2 weeks and 4 weeks risperidone administration. Furthermore, variables such as body weight, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale(BPRS), Clinical Global Impression(CGI), Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale(ESRS), Anticholinergic Rating Scale(ARS), serum cholesterol level, serum triglyceride level, serum high-density-lipoprotein level, serum WBC, serum Hb, serum platelet level, prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were also analyzed before and after 2 weeks and 4 weeks risperidone administration. Results : 1) Risperidone treatment resulted in a significantly decreased heart rate and increased QT interval after 4 weeks administration(p<0.005 respectively). 2) The scores of BPRS and CGI were significantly decreased after 2 weeks and 4 weeks risperidone administration as compared with baseline(p<0.001 respectively). The scores of ESRS and ASRS were significantly increased after 2 weeks and 4 weeks risperidone administration as compared with baseline(p<0.001 respectively). 3) There were positive correlations between heart rate after 4 weeks and total dose(P<0.05). Blood pressure was significantly(p<0.05) correlated with sex(higher in male) and significantly(p<0.05) positive correlated with body weight. QT interval was significantly(p<0.05) correlated with sex(longer in female) and smoking history(shorter in smokers). Conclusions : Risperidone could induce significant change in heart rate and Q-T interval. Therefore, the cardiovascular safety for risperidone should be reconsidered according to the duration and dosage increase.