• 적정기술학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.151-161
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• 2021

The application of appropriate technologies in a developing country is an opportunity to introduce green technology which may lead people to imagine a better life. This point is at the intersection of appropriate technology and sustainable development. This research focuses on Hatphain village where there is no clean water, sewage system, or power lines. Two environmental technologies (an unpowered water purification system, Ongdalsaem and an eco-toilet system, BeeVi toilet) were introduced, based on the concepts of the environmental self- sustainable village and feces Standard Money (fSM). We found that the Ongdalsaem was effective in reducing the concentration of nitrogen and lead in the water in Hatphain. The BeeVi water-free toilet was installed, allowing urine and feces to be separated and used as compost. We strived to spread ideas of sustainability using new eco-circulation experiences and encouraging learning about environmental technology through practical and playing facilities that residents managed themselves.

• Clinical Pain
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.15-19
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• 2021

There are many wrist and hand diseases in which ultrasound can help in the diagnosis and treatment. Because many small structures are located, identifying anatomical locations and pathways is especially important. In De Quervain's syndrome, it is necessary to find tendon lesions located in the first compartment of the wrist. If injection therapy is required, administer the regimen accurately within the tendon sheath through ultrasound. In carpal tunnel syndrome, there are several methods to diagnose a disease by measuring cross-sectional area of the median nerve. Ultrasound has the advantage of administering injection therapy without damaging the nerve. Intersection syndrome can be diagnosed by observing swelling and hypoechoic appearances at the point where the tendons of the first compartment cross over the second compartment of the wrist. Ultrasound-guided injection is also safe and efficient. If there is a trigger finger lesion, the most representative findings is to observe a nodular hypoechoic thickening of the involved A1 pulley. When injection therapy is performed, it is effective to administer medication between pulley and flexor tendons as much as possible to reduce pressure on the attached structures.

• 웰빙융합연구
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2022

Purpose: As interest in odor increases, odor complaints are also rapidly increasing. Traditional markets are not included in malodor control areas and are not easy to manage, so measure the odor substances generated in traditional markets and analyze the cause of high concentration points. Research design, data and methodology: The average value was presented by continuously measuring the combined odor, TVOC, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia for 5 minutes at 100m intervals in Joong-ang traditional market, Jayu traditional market, Doraemi traditional market, and Sundae Alley in Wonju, Gangwon-do. In each market, up to the third highest concentration point for each measurement item was marked and analyzed. Results: The Joong-ang traditional market, Doraemi traditional market, and Sundae Alley had high readings at the intersection. The Jayu traditional market had high measurements around restaurants and clothing stores. In addition, the concentration of complex malodors was also high at the points where the hydrogen sulfide concentration was measured. Conclusions: Odor generated in traditional markets is an important indicator for merchants and consumers. Therefore, in future studies, analysis that can supplement the limitations of measurement data and seasonal effects is needed.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제12권11호
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• pp.140-147
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• 1995

This paper deals with conversion from the STL file to the Slice to the Slice cross-sectional information for Stereolithography. The STL file is widely used for Stereolithography, but it is very difficult to convert STL file into Slice file directly. Because it consists of an ordered list of triangular net without any topological information other than the orientation of each facet. So, The system is accomplished by data flow through several intermediate stages such as Reference. SL1. .SL2L. .SL3. and .SLC file. The data processing is performed in 5 steps: 1) Create a Reference file including common information. 2) Modify STL file within the effective range of SL machine. 3) Calculate a point of intersection between plane equation and line equation. 4) Sort z values in ascending order using quick sort algorithm. 5) Search the adjacent points and formulate a closed loop usingsingly linked linear list. The system is developed by using Borland C++ 3.1 compiler in the environment of Pentium PC, and verified to be satisfactory by making some prototypes of electric household appliances.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.426-439
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• 2012

본 연구의 목적은 정성적인 개인의 공간 행동을 파악하고 행동 원인을 유추해 볼 수 있는 새로운 방법을 제안하는 것이다. 이동 객체의 단순한 기하학적인 움직임에 초점을 맞추는 것을 넘어서서, 사람과 환경 사이의 관계 변화 내지는 상호작용을 파악하여 이동 객체의 행동 특성을 분석할 수 있는 모델을 제시하고자 한다. 특히, 본 연구에서는 특정 지역의 경계 근처에서의 이동 객체의 움직임에 중점을 두고 분석하였다. 이동 객체의 영향력 범위를 적용하는 새로운 접근 방법을 이용하여 정성적인 개인 공간행위 특성을 파악하였다. 본 연구에서는, 이러한 객체를 시공간적으로 확장된 점(STEP)이라 명명하였으며, 그 영향력 범위를 그 객체의 위치와 함께 잠재적 사건이나 주변과의 상호작용이 가능한 구역으로 정의한다. STEP과 특정공간간의 관계 정량화를 위해, 위상 데이터 모델을 기반으로 2차원 공간에서의 특정 영역과 STEP 사이의 위상 관계를 나타내는 12 교차점 모델이 이용되었다. 이 연구에서는 이러한 STEP 개념의 관점에서, GPS추적 데이터를 이용한 프로토타입 응용 분석결과가 제공되었다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.161-171
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• 1993

본문은 3차원 응력 공간에서 암석이나 콘크리트등 경성기초 지반재료의 응력 - 변형율 거동에 대해 소성이론에 기초를 두고 Desai 등에 의해 제안된 구성식에 대해 기술하고 이를 증명하기 위해 3주응력을 독립적으로 제어 할 수 있는 고압력 입방체 3축실험기를 이용하여 다양한 응력 경로 실험을 한 것으로 사용재료는 콘크리트 시료를 제작 이용하였으며 그 주요한 결론으로서는 1) 경성재료의 구성모텔은 3주응력이 별도로 제어되는 3축실험을 시행함으로써 다양한 응력경로를 보다 정확히 설명할 수 있다. 이점은 경화재료 특히 암석이나 콘크리트와 같은 재료의 구성식을 설명하는데 있어서 필수적이라고 판단한다. 2) 이와같은 경성재료의 구성식은 항복과 경화거동을 유일한 함수로써 연속적으로 정의할 수 있으므로 지금까지 두개의 함수를 이용하여 표현한 두 항복면의 불연속을 제거할 수 있다. 따라서 두 함수의 교차점에서 sigulality point를 피할 수 있으므로 computer계산에 관련된 난점을 제거할 수 있다. 3) 본 콘크리트와 같은 재료의 경우도 $J_1-{\sqrt{J_{2D}}}$면, 8면체면 그리고 3축면등에서의 항복거동(그림11-그림 14)과 체적변형률(그림 15) 그리고 응력-변형률거동(그림 16-그림 18)에 대해 이론 예측치와 실험결과치가 잘 일치하고 있다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1911-1918
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• 2001

Recently the non-destructive test technique which uses the grain boundary etching characteristics owing to the variation of material structures has been proposed. However, during in-serviced GEM test there are a lot of variables such as the changes of temperature and concentration of etching solution, the roughness condition of surface polished etc.. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influences of these test variables on GEM test results in order to establish a reliable and sensitive of GEM evaluation technique. The experiments are conducted in various solution temperatures, 10$\^{C}$, 15$\^{C}$, 20$\^{C}$, and 25$\^{C}$ and in 70% and 100% concentrations of that, and in various surface roughnesses polished by #800, #2000, and 0.3㎛ alumina powder. Through the test with variables, it is verified that the decrease of temperature and concentration of etching solution and the coarsened surface roughness by not using polishing cloth and powder induce some badly and/or greatly influences on GEM test results like grain boundary etching width(W$\_$GB) and intersecting point ratio(N$\_$i/N$\_$0/). Therefore, to get reliable and good GEM test results, it must be prepared the surface of specimen polished by polishing cloth and 0.3㎛ alumina powder and the saturated picric acid solution having 25$\^{C}$ and be maintained the constant temperature(25$\^{C}$) during GEM test.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.124-131
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• 2013

Background: This study aimed to measure the opportunity income by identifying the economic length of stay (ELOS) which is the intersection point of daily revenue and cost on appendectomy and pneumonia cases. Methods: The research subjects were 460 patients of appendectomy and 606 patients of pneumonia, discharged from a general hospital between July 1, 2009 and June 30, 2010. ELOS calculated with both of total revenue on diagnosis-related group (DRG) and fee-for service (FFS). The cost is calculated by activity-based costing system of the hospital. Results: Average length of stay (ALOS) of appendectomy was 4.48 days and its average revenue per case were 1,710,215 (1,989,105) won by DRG (FFS). The variable cost was 491,262 won which was 28.7% (24.7%) of DRG (FFS) total revenue. And 97.2% of the total variable cost was incurred within 2 days from admission. The ELOS was 4 (5) days in DRG (FFS). Shortening three days (two days) would increase opportunity income 52.0% (82.2%) in DRG (FFS). ALOS of pneumonia case was 4.86 days and its average revenue per case were 489,448 (761,426) won by DRG (FFS). The variable cost was 27,230 won which was 5.6% (3.6%) of DRG (FFS) total revenue. Thirty-eight point nine percent of the daily variable cost was incurred in discharge date. The ELOS was 2 (4) days in DRS (FFS). Shortening three days (one day) would increase opportunity income 27.6% (37.2%) in DRG (FFS). Conclusion: The ELOS would be used by strategic index for achieving minimum profit and developing the ways to get there. But we also should not pass over that the opportunity income obtained by the reducing ALOS may cause some problem of quality.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제30권3_4호
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• pp.138-148
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• 2003

최근에는 가상 공간을 현실감 있는 영상으로 실시간 렌더링하기 위한 방법으로 모델기반 표현방법 대신 영상 기반 표현 방법을 사용하여 탐색 영상을 생성하는 연구가 활발히 진행중이다. 본 논문에서는 영상 기반 탐색 시스템을 구현하기 위해 새로운 방법인 직각 교차 실린더 매핑과 분할기반 환경 모델 링 방법을 제안한다. 직각 교차 실린더란 두 개의 실린더를 직교하여 교차된 부분만을 표현한 물체를 말한다. 직각 교차 실린더 매핑 방법은 일반적인 환경 맵에서 발생하는 왜곡 현상을 제거하고 환경 맵에서 하나의 픽셀이 차지하는 환경 영역이 거의 일정하다는 특징을 가진다. 이러한 직각 교차 실린더 매핑 방법은 고정된 시점에서 완전 시야를 갖는 영상을 얻어 낼 수 있으나 시점이 변경된 영상을 표현하기 어렵다. 이를 위해 환경을 구성하는 물체들을 기준으로 환경 맵을 분할하고 분할된 물체의 특성에 따라 깊이 값을 설정하는 영상 분할을 통한 환경 모델 링 방법을 사용한다. 이 방법은 환경 맵에 적용하기 용이하며 다중 환경 맵을 사용 시 자세한 환경 모델 링이 가능하다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.2414-2434
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• 2015

Among numerous localization schemes proposed specifically for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), the range-free localization algorithms based on the received signal strength indication (RSSI) have attracted considerable research interest for their simplicity and low cost. As a typical range-free algorithm, Approximate Point In Triangulation test (APIT) suffers from significant estimation errors due to its theoretical defects and RSSI inaccuracy. To address these problems, a novel localization method called FIAPIT, which is a combination of an improved APIT (IAPIT) and a fuzzy logic system, is proposed. The proposed IAPIT addresses the theoretical defects of APIT in near (it's defined as a point adjacent to a sensor is closer to three vertexes of a triangle area where the sensor resides simultaneously) and far (the opposite case of the near case) cases partly. To compensate for negative effects of RSSI inaccuracy, a fuzzy system, whose logic inference is based on IAPIT, is applied. Finally, the sensor's coordinates are estimated as the weighted average of centers of gravity (COGs) of triangles' intersection areas. Each COG has a different weight inferred by FIAPIT. Numerical simulations were performed to compare four algorithms with varying system parameters. The results show that IAPIT corrects the defects of APIT when adjacent nodes are enough, and FIAPIT is better than others when RSSI is inaccuracy.