• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제25권8호
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• pp.1075-1084
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• 2022

Internet of Things(IoT) has become a key available technology for efficiently implementing device to device(D2D) services in various domains such as smart home, healthcare, smart city, agriculture, energy, logistics, and transportation. A lightweight publish/subscribe(Pub/Sub) messaging protocol not only establishes data dissemination pattern but also supports connectivity between IoT devices and their applications. Also, a Pub/Sub broker is deployed to facilitate data exchange among IoT devices. A scalable edge-based publish/subscribe (Pub/Sub) broker overlay networks support latency-sensitive IoT applications. In this paper, we design a hypercube grid quorum(HGQ) for distributed Pub/Sub systems based IoT applications. In designing HGQ, the network of hypercube structures suitable for the publish/subscribe model is built in the edge layer, and the proposed HGQ is designed by embedding a mesh overlay network in the hypercube. As their applications, we propose an HGQ-based mechansim for dissemination of the data of sensors or the message/event of IoT devices in IoT environments. The performance of HGQ is evaluated by analytical models. As the results, the latency and load balancing of applications based on the distributed Pub/Sub system using HGQ are improved.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.859-870
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• 2020

MQTT-SN(Message Queuing Telemetry Transport - Sensor Network) 프로토콜은 센서 기반의 IoT(Internet of Things)환경에서 사용되는 메시지 전송 프로토콜이다. 이 MQTT-SN 프로토콜은 메시지 전송 중간에 중개자(Broker)를 둔 발행-구독 모델(Publish-Subscribe Model)로 각 IoT 장치들이 메시지를 전달 할 때 반드시 중개자를 통해 메시지를 주고 받는 모델이다. 하지만 MQTT-SN 프로토콜은 메시지 보안, 상호 인증, 접근 제어, 중개자 보안등을 만족하는 보안 관련된 기능을 제공하고 있지 않다. 이에 따라 최근 다양한 보안 문제가 발생하고 있으며, 보안이 필요한 상황이 대두되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 MQTT-SN의 보안 요구사항을 다시 한번 살펴보고, 이 프로토콜이 적용되는 IoT의 자원이 제한된 환경에서의 제약 조건을 만족하면서 보안을 향상시키는 수정된 프로토콜을 제안한다. 제안 프로토콜은 기존과 다르게, 보안 필드와 인증 서버가 추가되었으며 이를 통해 보안 요구사항을 만족시키도록 한다. 더불어 제안된 프로토콜을 실제 구현 및 테스트하고 에너지 소모 관점에서 제안된 프로토콜이 실제 사용이 가능한지 평가하도록 한다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.301-311
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• 2021

The technological advancements of the last two decades directed the era of the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT enables billions of devices to connect through the internet and share their information and resources on a global level. These devices can be anything, from smartphones to embedded sensors. The main purpose of IoT is to make devices capable of achieving the desired goal with minimal to no human intervention. Although it hascome as a social and economic blessing, it still brought forward many security risks. This paper focuses on providing a survey of the most commonly used application layer protocols in the IoT domain, namely, Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT), Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP), and Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP). MQTT, AMQP, and XMPP use TCP for device-to-device communication, while CoAP utilizes UDP to achieve this purpose. MQTT and AMQP are based on a publish/subscribe model, CoAP uses the request/reply model for its structuring. In addition to this, the quality of service provision of MQTT, AMQP, and CoAP is not very high, especially when the deliverance of messages is concerned. The selection of protocols for each application is very a tedious task.This survey discusses the architectures, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of each of these protocols. The main contribution of this work is to describe each of the aforementioned application protocols in detail as well as providing their thorough comparative analysis. This survey will be helpful to the developers in selecting the protocol ideal for their system and/or application.

• 전자공학회논문지
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.3-11
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• 2016

사물 인터넷 (Internet of Things : IoT) 환경에서 IoT 디바이스들은 전원이나 메모리 등의 물리적 구성요소들에 의해 제한되며 대역폭, 무선 채널, 처리율, 페이로드 등의 네트워크 성능 또한 제한적임에도 불구하고 타 IoT 디바이스들과 리소스를 공유한다. 특히 IoT 헬스케어 서비스에 있어서 원격 디바이스 정보 관리 뿐만 아니라 원격 환자 정보관리가 매우 중요하며, 더욱이, 사물인터넷 헬스케어 디바이스와 헬스케어 플랫폼간 상호연동성 지원이 매우 중요하다. 이를 위해서는 헬스케어 디바이스와 헬스케어 플랫폼간 데이터 정보 표현, 데이터 전송 표현, 메시지 규격 등이 사물인터넷 환경에 적합한 국제표준 준수가 매우 필요하다. 하지만, 기존의 국제의료정보 전송표준인 ISO/IEEE 11073 PHD (Personal Healthcare Device) 표준에서는 사물인터넷 환경 (네트워크 프로토콜)을 고려하지 않아 사물인터넷 헬스케어 서비스에 적용하기 어렵다. 이를 위해 본 논문에서는 사물인터넷 표준인 oneM2M과 의료정보 전송표준인 ISO/IEEE 11073 DIM(Domain Information Model)을 적용한 사물인터넷 헬스케어 시스템을 설계 및 구현하였다. 구현을 위해 oneM2M 기반인 OM2M 플랫폼을 활용하였고, 헬스케어 디바이스와 OM2M 플랫폼간 효율적인 전송 구문에 대한 평가를 위해 HTTP와 CoAP간, XML과 JSON간 단일 처리과정의 패킷 사이즈와 전송 패킷 수 등을 성능 분석하였다.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.28-36
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• 2021

This paper proposes two novel methods to model and simulate a mobile Internet of Things (IoT) system using the discrete event system specification (DEVS) formalism. In traditional simulation methods, it is advantageous to partition the simulation area hierarchically to reduce simulation time; however, in this case, the structure of the model may change as the IoT nodes to be modeled move. The proposed methods reduce the simulation time while maintaining the model structure, even when the IoT nodes move. To evaluate the performance of the proposed methods, a prototype mobile IoT system was modeled and simulated. The simulation results show that the proposed methods achieve good performance, even if the number of IoT nodes or the movement of IoT nodes increases.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국컴퓨터정보학회 2020년도 제62차 하계학술대회논문집 28권2호
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• pp.139-142
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• 2020

NB-IoT(Narrow Band Internet of Things) is an emerging LPWAN(Low Power Wide Area Network) radio technology. NB-IoT has many advantages like low power, low cost, and high coverage. However low bandwidth and low sampling rates also lead to poor positioning accuracy. This paper proposed a solution to optimize positioning accuracy under the OTDOA(Observed Time Difference of Arrival) approach by utilizing MLR(Multiple Linear Regression) models. Through the MLR model to predict the influence degree of weather(temperature, humidity, light intensity and air pressure) on the arrival time of signal transmission to improve the measurement accuracy. The improvement of measurement accuracy can greatly improve IoT applications based on NB-IoT.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) 신경망과 Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU) 신경망을 Internet of Things (IoT) 파워미터에 적용하여 단기 전력사용량 예측방법을 제안하고, 실제 가정의 전력사용량 데이터를 토대로 예측 성능을 분석한다. 성능평가 지표로써 Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Percentage Error (MPE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE)를 이용한다. 실험 결과는 GRU 기반의 모델이 LSTM 기반의 모델에 비해 MAPE 기준으로 4.52%, MPE 기준으로 5.59%만큼의 성능개선을 보였다.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.913-922
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• 2019

The Internet of Things (IoT) envisions smart objects collecting and sharing data at a massive scale via the Internet. One challenging issue is how to disseminate data to relevant data consuming objects efficiently. In such a massive IoT network, Mission critical data dissemination imposes constraints on the message transfer delay between objects. Due to the low power and communication range of IoT objects, data is relayed over multi-hops before arriving at the destination. In this paper, we propose a quorum-based adaptive dissemination algorithm (QADA) for the critical data in the monitoring-based applications of massive IoTs. To design QADA, we first design a new stepped-triangular grid structures (sT-grid) that support data dissemination, then construct a triangular grid overlay in the fog layer on the lower IoT layer and propose the data dissemination algorithm of the publish/subscribe model that adaptively uses triangle grid (T-grid) and sT-grid quorums depending on the mission critical in the overlay constructed to disseminate the critical data, and evaluate its performance as an analytical model.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.5276-5298
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• 2019

Internet of Things (IoT) based sensor networks have gained unprecedented popularity in recent years. With the exponential explosion of the objects (sensors and mobiles), the bandwidth and the speed of data transmission are dwarfed by the anticipated emergence of IoT. In this paper, we propose a novel heterogeneous IoT model integrated the power line communication (PLC) and WiFi network to increase the network capacity and cope with the rapid growth of the objects. We firstly propose the mean transmission delay calculation algorithm based the 3D Markov chain according to the multi-priority of the objects. Then, the attractor selection algorithm, which is based on the adaptive behavior of the biological system, is exploited. The combined the 3D Markov chain and the attractor selection model, named MASM, can select the optimal path adaptively in the heterogeneous IoT according to the environment. Furthermore, we verify that the MASM improves the transmission efficiency and reduce the transmission delay effectively. The simulation results show that the MASM is stable to changes in the environment and more applicable for the heterogeneous IoT, compared with the other algorithms.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.233-239
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• 2022

Recently, research is being conducted on the rapid service provision and reliability of the instance-based rather than the existing IP-based structure. Research is mainly conducted through Block cloud, a platform that combines service-centric networking (SCN) and blockchain. In addition, the Internet of Things network has been proposed as a fog computing environment in the structure of the existing cloud computing. Fog computing is an environment suitable for real-time information processing. In this paper, we propose a new Internet network structure based on fog computing that requires real-time for rapid processing of IoT services. The proposed system applies IoTA, the third-generation blockchain based on DAG, to the block cloud. In addition, we want to propose a basic model of the object block chain and check the application services of electric vehicles.