• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.183-185
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• 2011

Mongolia is aiming at connect and expand global trade to third countries using Russia, China and East Asian ports. Also, trying to evolve infrastructure and super-frastructure in international maritime transportation. This paper presents maritime development trends in Mongolia and focuses on discussing the current situation of international maritime plan and points out some issues currently facing by the policy to develop promoting the country's maritime businesses. Finally, this paper presents some future directions for developing the maritime transportation in Mongolia.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.75-93
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• 2022

Purchasing Power Parity (hereafter, PPP) means the purchasing power of two currencies is the same when one is converted into the other one. According to previous studies on PPP, as the volatility of the real exchange rate is smaller, PPP may be more likely to hold. Since New Zealand adopted the inflation targeting policy in December 1989, many countries started to adopt it as their monetary policy frame. Previous studies on inflation targeting found that inflation targeting policy has positive effects on not only achieving price stability but also reducing the volatility of nominal/ real exchange rates. Therefore, in this study, I explored whether inflation targeting policy has positive effects on purchasing power parity subject to 19 OECD countries, applying an Exponential Smooth Transition Autoregressive (ESTAR) model during the sample periods, from 1974:Q1 to 2019:Q4. Based on the ESTAR estimate results, I found limited favorable evidence of PPP for only two countries- England and Switzerland- among 9 inflation targeters, compared to non-inflation targeters, and also I found that favorable evidence of PPP only for these two countries among 9 inflation targeters during post-inflation targeting, but not during pre-inflation targeting. These findings imply that the positive effects of inflation targeting on PPP may be questionable unlike Ding and Kim (2012) and Kim (2014)'s study.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.41-52
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• 2024

Purpose - Population is the foundation for maintaining and growing the strength of a nation, and a certain number must be maintained for the growth of the national economy. and Amidst the changing population structure where the elderly population is steadily increasing while the productive population is gradually decreasing, there is a practical need for devising solutions to overcome the low birth rate. Design/methodology/approach - For conducting this study, data was collected from a total of 1,000 residents of Goyang city, aged 19 and above. Out of these, empirical analysis was conducted using the SPSS 29.0 statistical program on the response data of a total of 247 individuals, including 156 individuals in their 20s and 191 individuals in their 30s, who belong to the MZ generation. Findings - The results showed that first, the awareness of the childbirth encouragement policy did not significantly affect the child-rearing environment. The perception of the importance of the childbirth encouragement policy had a positive and significant effect on the child-rearing environment. Moreover, the child-rearing environment had a positive effect on marital attitudes. Research implications or Originality - Thus, rather than the effects of awareness through the promotion and education of national childbirth policies, it is preemptively necessary to realize substantial childbirth encouragement policies for improving the child-rearing environment.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.313-319
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• 2012

This study aims to present about current status of logistics in Mongolia. As a landlocked country have limited the role of a maritime transportation is a very poor country. However, Mongolia is a rich country in mineral resources in the world and became a center of increasing international trade. Therefore, Mongolia wants to develop logistics as other developed countries using a strategic location. Mongolia uses international port for transit China and Russia by railway. First, this paper focuses on discussing the current situation of logistics. Second it points out some issues currently facing by the governmental policy to promote. Finally, this paper presents some recommendations for developing logistics in Mongolia. The geographical remoteness of Mongolia which results in high cost of transport causes problems for trade relations with the rest of the world to grow.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.118-128
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper examines the international R&D contest in which the extent of intellectual property right (IPR) affects both the size of prize for the winning firm and the extent of positive spillover through cost of firms. Recognizing the possibility of incomplete protection of IPR, the present paper analyzes the effect of changes in the extent of IPR on payoffs to firms and social welfare. Design/methodology - This paper examines coordination of IPRs by countries in economic integration. The paper then develops a general model of international R&D contest with incomplete protection of IPR. An increase in the extent of IPR augments the share of the prize the winning firm can appropriate, while decreasing the positive cost externality. To derive sharper results, the paper considers the cases of linear and fixed spillovers. Findings - Under plausible assumptions, an increase in the IPR augments the payoff to each firm and the aggregate payoffs as well. The paper also shows that the number of firms participating in the R&D contest can be endogenously determined in the two-stage R&D contest. The higher the extent of cost spillover, and the larger the effective prize, the more firms participate in the international R&D contest. Originality/value - Existing studies assume that firms winning the R&D contest enjoy perfect IPR to the output of their R&D activities. This is a very restrictive assumption in that other firms can copy the new products or processes. By allowing for the incompleteness of the IPR, the present paper develops a more realistic model of R&D contest. The novelty of the present paper is to allow for the possibility that the higher extent of IPR increases the prize and decreases positive cost externality at the same time. The findings of the present paper can serve as a basis for government policy toward R&D activities of firms and protection of IPRs.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.47-72
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• 2016

The Government of Korea has always focused on developing and maintaining a surplus on the balance of payments as a successful trade policy. The focus should now be on spatial information hiding, revealing patterns in trade activities that enable viewing trade in a more sophisticated manner. This study utilizes trade statistical data such as the United States-South Korea imports and exports from 2003 to 2015 officially released by the two countries. It allows us to analyze and extract the spatial information pertaining to the origin, transit, and destination. First, in the case of export data to the United States, the origin of the trade goods has expanded and decentralized from the metropolitan area. With regard to transit, in 2003, most of the exported goods were shipped by ocean vessels and arrived at the ports on the western coast of the United States. However, trade patterns have changed over the 12-year period and now more of that trade has moved to the southern ports of the United States. In terms of destination, California and Texas were importing goods from South Korea. With the development of the automotive industry in Georgia and Alabama, these two states also imported huge volumes of automobile parts. Second, in case of import data, most imported goods from the United States originated from California and Texas. In this case, 40% of goods were shipped by air freight and arrived at the Incheon-Seoul International Airport; most ocean freight was handled at the Port of Busan. The purpose of this study is to decompose the spatial information from the trade statistics data between Korea and the United States and to depict visualized bilateral trade structure by origin, transit, and destination.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.559-580
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• 2011

It's hardly possible to end the controversy over the effectiveness of government's role in economic growth of developing countries. It seems that each side can provide enough empirical evidences to support each side's argument. In most developing countries, the governments' capability to implement the economic plan is a more important factor that the type of policy they choose. Therefore, in this study, we focus on the capacity of policy implementation rather than the choice of policy itself. We tried to critically investigate Ecuador's policy implementation capacity in terms of qualities of policy framework, policy measures and policy constraints. First, Ecuador places high priority on import substitution and export promotion, she is not equipped with sufficient policy measures. Second, the overall policy framework is not effective enough to mobilize resource support those policies. Third, while the SENPLADES is leading overall develoment plan, it lacks the capacity to coordinate various ministries involved.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.207-215
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• 2018

This study started from the point that the most important SMEs in the economic growth engine of Korea are prepared to grow through innovation. This study focuses on the fact that existing studies have focused on the open innovation of SMEs has been continued since the external knowledge search became an important concept, but mainly focused on the enterprise performance. The purpose of this study is to examine the moderating effect of innovation speed focusing on exports to Korean SMEs. The hypothesis suggests the depth and breadth of external knowledge search, which is the two methods of open innovation emphasized in the previous studies, and then shows the innovation speed on export performance as a moderating effect. Robust regression analysis was used for the analysis and the sample used for the analysis was valid 1,357 SMEs data. The hypothesis test for the moderation effect was performed by comparing the F-values between models. The proposed hypothesis was adopted and the moderation effect was verified.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.4
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• pp.139-154
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• 1992

The Chicago-Bermuda system has been charaterizing international aviation order sine 1940's. Bilateralism was established as 'the' way of nogotiation in exchange of traffic rights among nations thanks to the system. The system was stable until new phenomena came into the scene. The orderly development of international aviation began to be threatened by a series of technological and commercial breakthroughs in the late 60's and 70's. Also, in the field of international aviation, aspiration of the newemerging third world countries was hightened and the emergence of an unified Europe was added to it. These caused worries on bilateralism as an efficient means of negotiation. New waves of multilateral(reginal or international) approaches have been conducted. Its formal discussion is accelerated by vigorous talk on multilateral liberalization of international trade in commodities and services, i.e., the Urguay Round. In this paper, we examine historical development of bilateralism and multilateralism in a perspective of political economy; changes in the international aviation industry, merits and demerits of the two regimes on competitiveness of negotiating partners. The ways Korea can respond to new changes are presented and compared and a tentative stance she can take is proposed.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.87-108
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• 2018

This article explores the international trade flow of Bangladesh's ready-made garments (RMG). We first suggest the brief history and an international structure of trade among countries by using the trade volume. Then we implemented a gravity model regression with the sample of 38 major partner countries in order to investigate the potential export market for the RMG industry. The fixed effect and random effect model for the panel data during the period of 1990 to 2011 are estimated. Our result shows that Bangladesh's RMG exports are affected positively by the size of economy, inflation, exchange rate, foreign direct investment(FDI) and trade openness. On the other hand, the distance between trading partners are related negatively with the trade volume. We used the estimated coefficients from the panel regression in order to predict RMG export potential of Bangladesh. This might show which country is the promising export market for Bangladesh RMG industry. We found that Bangladesh has the highest potential of RMG export with Japan and USA, which seem to have considerable room for export growth if trade barriers and constraints are removed. We added some policy implications for encouraging the RMG export of Bangladesh by using the results from the analysis.