• 통상정보연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.379-403
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• 2009

The Purpose of this study is to research the problems of trade restriction for an environment protection. Environmental regulation relate to trade are Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes & Their Disposal, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafty and WTO Agreement. Regulatory action for environmental protection has economics instrument, command & control, liablity, damage compensation, voluntary agreement. In the case of our country, impact of regulatory action for environmental protection is low. Because is recognized position of developing country yet. For in the balance rules of trade and enviroment, First must satisfy WTO's basic principles and principle of quantitative restrictions prohibition, Second, operation of protection action must reasonable and objective standards Third, must satisfy GATT article 20 (b) clause and (g) protestation each essential factor To grow for environment advanced country, we should do i) using of FTA ii) international cooperation strengthening for developing country position iii) construction of environment information network

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2008년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.5-10
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• 2008

최근 국제해양환경협약은 채택의 용이성과 함께 실효성의 확보를 위하여 본 협약은 골격협약(Framework Convention)의 형태로 일반적인 원칙과 의무의 틀만 규정하고 세부적인 내용은 부속서(Annex)나 지침서(Guideline) 등의 형태로 규정하는 과정을 택하고 있다. 그 결과 해양환경 관련 조약들은 단순히 협약의 채택으로서 그 내용이 결정되는 것이 아니라 계속적인 부속서나 지침서 등의 제정 및 개정으로 끊임없이 그 내용이 변화되는 과정을 겪고 있다. 따라서 최근의 국제해양환경협약들을 전체 흐름으로 이해하기위해서는 최근에 나타나는 조약의 연속적 제정과정에 대한 이해가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 이러한 일련의 과정과 그 원인에 대하여 살펴보고 이러한 관점에서 현행 국제해양환경협약들의 구조를 분석하여 지속적으로 변화되는 관련 협약들을 이해하는 바탕이 되게 한다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제12권
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• pp.615-641
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• 1999

Trade and the environment emerged as a major and complex issue for trade negotiators in the final stages of the Uruguay Round negotiations. The agreements and other international measures employing trade measures and trade sanctions for achieving global environmental objectives are Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer(1985), the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer(1987), The Framework Convention on Climate Change(1992), the Convention on Biological Diversity(1992), the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal(1992), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Faunna and Flora(1975), the Rio Declaration, the Agenda 21, etc. The texts of the World Trade Organization(WTO) incorporated certain provisions which were designed to reflect some of the environmental concerns are Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Properity Rights(TRIPs), Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs), the General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS), and Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT) There is the possibility of conflict between multilateral environmental agreements and WTO agreements granting waivers against trade measures and sanctions. This remains a possibility, especially between countries which are Member of WTO and which are not Members of the relevant multilateral environment agreements, and countries which are Members of both the WTO and the relevant MEAs. Measures taken under the trade-related provisions of MEAs could potentially give rise to conflicts under obligations arising in WTO texts. If the parties in dispute are WTO members while they are not members of MEAs, the WTO provisions can be granted a certain priority in terms of international norms and vice versa. When the parties concerned are both WTO members and MEAs, it will be rational to grant the WTO provisions a priority. However, such measures should neither constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where similar conditions prevail, nor create a disguised restriction on trade. Also any trade measures taken should be necessary to prevent developments in trade from endangering the effectiveness of an MEA and they should be proportional and least trade restrictive.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.767-773
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• 2004

국제해사기구(International Maritime Organization ： IMO)에서는 선박에서 발생되는 오염물질 등에 대한 규제강화를 위하여 최근 새로운 해사환경협약의 채택 및 발효를 강력히 추진하고 있다. 우리나라는 국제해사기구의 A그룹 이사국으로서의 국제적인 위상과 해양환경 보호를 위하여 현재 발효되고 추진 중에 있는 협약들에 대한 연구와 대처를 효과적으로 하여야 한다. 이 논문은 해양관련 환경규제협약인 패기오염방지협약, 선박의 유해방오도료 사용규제협약, 밸러스트수 배출규제협약, 선박으로부터 오수에 의한 오염방지를 위한 협약 등의 주요 현안을 파악하고 분석하여 이에 따른 대응책을 제시하고자 한다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.273-285
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• 2006

As the political arguments on international power concept has gradually been deepened, the role of international regimes, defined as principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which nation-actors' expectations converge in a given issue-area, has also been reinforced. There are many ways of understanding about international regimes. In terms of realistic theories, international regimes are one of methods of maintaining hegemonic power order of hegemonic nation and in terms of liberalistic theories, international regimes are understood as the products of mutual inter-dependence of nations in changing international society. As a matter of fact, if we take structural causes and regime consequences into severe consideration, we can find not a few characteristics of international regimes, such as security regime, world trade and fiance regime, ocean regime, environmental regime, human right regime, etc. This paper will examine the changing concept of power after World War II in three categories of hard power (military power), meta power (regime creating power), and soft power (advanced in cultural, diplomatical, and technological power). This paper will provide the evidence of why the changing power concepts will be strongly related with the emergence of international regimes. The UN convention on the law of the sea will chosen as a standard case of the ocean regime and it's regime structure and role will also be analysed in both realistic :md liberalistic theories. Futhermore, the nations' interests involved in the UN convention on the law of the sea will be analytically classified and finally a future prospectus of the UN convention on the law of the sea as an ocean regime will be tested.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제14권
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• pp.349-370
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• 2000

The environmental problems such as global climate change, global waming, ozone depletion, environmental pollution have been caused by the rapid economic growth, increasing in use of fossil fuels for industrialization and scientific technology development. Especially human activities are significantly altering the atomosphere's composition and its radiative properties. To Stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, the international community adopted the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and Kyoto protocol in 1997. Also to protect ozone layer the international community adopted the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1985, and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987. To achieve global environmental objectives, some multilateral environmental agreements includes trade regulation. For example, Montreal Protocol includes the provisions to regulate the world trade of the sudstances which might destroy ozone layer. However Kyoto Protocol has no provisions to regulate trade and is not in force yet. Although there is no trade regulation article in Kyoto Protocol, the international world trade will be influenced by limitation and reduction of CO2 and strengthening the CO2 emission standard for import good. For example Korean car industy agreed with EU to reduce CO2 emission from new passenger car and Korean Semiconductor industry agreed with WSC(World Semiconductor Council) to reduce PFCs in 1999.

• 대한안전경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한안전경영과학회 2006년도 춘계공동학술대회
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• pp.385-390
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• 2006

Air pollution problem has been one of the most urgent global environmental problems since UN Framework Convention on Climate Change accepted in Rio Conference, 1992. International environmental regulations of global community to reduce the green house gases have influenced the domestic environmental policies. International trends of environmental regulation are introduced in this paper.

• 한국과학예술포럼
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• 제30권
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• pp.427-440
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• 2017

The objective of this study is to explore differential effects of the sustainability perceived by domestic and international participants in the MICE (Meetings, Incentive Travel, Convention, and Exhibition) held in the Republic of Korea and to examine the relationship between customer loyalty and perception of the sustainable MICE. In this study, 30 sustainability variables for the MICE were extracted and tested by the factor analysis, representing four underlying dimensions: economic sustainability, social sustainability, environmental sustainability and event sustainability. The results revealed that significant differences in these four dimensions of the sustainable MICE were perceived by domestic and international participants. The largest difference were perceived by domestic and international participants with respect to the environmental sustainability factor. The mean scores indicated that international participants tended to give higher evaluations than domestic participants. Second, there were statistically significant relationships among economic, environmental, and event sustainability factors and customer loyalty from the perspective of international participants. For domestic participants, only event sustainability had a vital relationship with customer loyalty. The study implied how policy makers and the MICE managers should adopt four dimensions of sustainability to establish a harmonious and sustainable MICE practices.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집(제1권)
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• pp.439-445
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• 2006

국제해사기구(International Maritime Organization : IMO)에서는 선박에서 발생되는 오염물질 등에 대한 규제강화를 위하여 최근 새로운 해사환경협약의 채택 및 발효를 강력히 추진하고 있다. 우리나라는 국제해사기구의 A그룹 이사국으로서의 국제적인 위상과 해양환경 보호를 위하여 현재 발효되고 추진 중에 있는 협약들에 대한 연구와 대처를 효과적으로 하여야 한다. 이 논문은 해양관련 환경규제협약인 벨러스트수 배출규제협약에 대한 주요 현안을 파악하고 분석하여 이에 따른 대응책을 제시하고자 한다.

• 해양환경안전학회:학술대회논문집
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• 해양환경안전학회 2008년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.11-17
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• 2008

우리나라는 국적외항상선의 수가 2006년 1월 기준으로 546척, 13,716,733 G/T에 이르는 세계 제 8위의 해운강국이다. 선박은 건조시로부터 25년에서 30년 정도 운항하면 그 수명을 다해 다른 용도로 변경되어야한다. 수명이 다 된 노후 선박의 처리방법으로 재활용이 가장 나은 방범으로 대두되고 있으나 여러 가지 환경적 규제와 노동 규제에 의해 현재 선진국에서는 거의 이루어지지가 않고 비교적 법규제가 느슨한 개발도상국으로 옮겨지고 있으나 국제적으로는 선박도 하나의 폐기물로 보고 국가간 이동을 금지하는 추세이다. 본 연구에서는 선박해체산업현장의 열악한 작업환경과 환경피해의 심각성 해결을 위한 국제적인 동향을 알아보고자 하였나. IMO, UNEP, ILO 에서는 선박의 해체 작업에 참여하는 작업자들의 건강과 안전을 보호 하고 환경오염을 방지하기 위하여 선박내의 유해물질을 목록화하여 유해물질을 관리하도록 하는 방안을 마련하고 있으며, 선박의 재활용과 관련한 바젤협약, IMO Guideline, ILO Guideline, IMO Convention Draft를 통해 세계적인 추세를 알아보았다.