• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Design Studies Conference
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• 1998.04a
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• pp.78-79
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• 1998

• Fashion Information and Technology
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• v.12
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• pp.55-62
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• 2015

• Proceedings of the Fisheries Business Administration Society of Korea Conference
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• 2005.11b
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• pp.46-79
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• 2005

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.89-110
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• 2017

The organization of the shipping conference -an international cartel, was approved by countries that recognized it for stabilizing routes as well as preventing excessive competition among liner shipping companies and recognized the characteristic of the liner service that is regularly repeated in the international liner shipping market. However, due to competition in bulk transportation and development of multimodal transport through new entrants, power expansion and vessel enlargement of non-aligned shipping companies; the shipping conference started collapsing, and was eventually abolished. As the shipping conference played an important role in the liner shipping market, there were changes in the competition structure of the liner shipping market, and this accordingly drove research on the effects of the abolition of the shipping conference on the liner shipping market. The effects of abolition of the shipping conference on the liner shipping market was analyzed after surveying the factors related to abolition of the shipping conference, and through the use of correlation and multiple regression analyses. Subsequent to the abolition of the shipping conference, the liner shipping companies increased global containership bottoms. Consequently, this led to fierce competition of freight charges. As a result, profitability of shipping companies diminished. However, shipping companies with a dominating cost structure recorded profits, while shipping companies with an inferior cost structure started recording a loss.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.51-72
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• 2001

This study intends to review the development of Squid Angling Fisheries of Korea and Japan and subsequent changes in the fisheries regime as well as management conditions and to examine reorganization directions. Although catches and productivity are all increasing in Korea and Japan as the squid resource in the East Sea is improving, the number of fishing vessels and the conditions of fisheries management are showing a symmetrical relationship. The former is increasing in Korea and decreasing in Japan while the latter is aggravating in Korea and rather stable in Japan. And while the competition between the two countries for more fishing grounds and catches are not that serious since the resource is relatively increasing, the catch and price competition with other domestic fisheries is a more significant problem. Furthermore, even though light restriction is implemented in both countries in order to suppress over-competition, it is adopted as a means to curtail management costs and block over-investment rather than to adjust international or inter-fisheries circumstances. Japan has been implementing the TAC system on squid resources since 1998. However, it has a different meaning than as a resource management method in its original sense because it is based on the highest catch level of the past and takes into consideration the fishermen's management conditions. In case of Korea, it is necessary to establish a plan to strengthen its fisheries management competence to address its shrinking catch in the Japanese waters. The developments mentioned so far have appeared amidst the increase of squid resources, and if such conditions disappear, problems such as international allocation of catches and fishing seasons, access to fishing grounds, and domestic conflicts among different fisheries will emerge.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.61-74
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• 2015

Amid intense port competition in Northeast Asia, international ports require sustainable growth based on competitiveness that incorporates economic, social, and environmental perspectives. Despite the importance of sustainability issues in port competition, prior studies on port competitiveness have focused on ports' own handling capacities. Moreover, sustainability concerns have focused on environmental issues such as environmental impact minimization and environmental index development. The prior literature makes distinctions between studies of port competitiveness and works relating to port sustainability. Therefore, this paper aims to redefine sustainable port competitiveness based on the "triple bottom line," comprising sustainability, analysis of the relevant issues, and practices. The findings offer not only important steps in building knowledge about sustainable port competitiveness, but also provide practical implications for strategic agendas and guidance for future improvements in port operations.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.43
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• pp.371-393
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• 2009

The biggest issue of the current international maritime transport is that EU had decided to apply the Competition Law about Shipping Conference since 2008 and UNCITRAL Convention which is the substitute of international rules related with existing maritime transport passed UN General Assembly. This movement indicates that international rules of international maritime transport are not focusing on shipping companies or forwarders anymore but consignors. According to the current circumstances, it is time for us to convert existing shipping companies and forwarders centered rules system into consignors centered international rules system as well. Thus, this study has compared and analyzed between each country's law of Shipping Conference and Korean governing law, Ocean Shipping Act.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.567-575
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• 2010

Ningbo Port develops quickly in recent years and with the combination of Ningbo Port and Zhoushan Port, it becomes another important port in the Shanghai International Shipping center. Competition between the two biggest ports in this area can't be avoided. The goal of this paper is investigating the competence of port from two angles, which are spatial structure of the ports cluster and neighboring ports' attraction to cargoes at conjunct hinterlands. The paper firstly uses the HHI index model and shift-share method to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the data of container throughputs of ports in the shipping center, in order that investigates the spatial structure of ports cluster. Basing on above researches, the paper employs the location quotient to study Shanghai port and Ningbo port's hinterland distributions at Zhejiang province. The conclusion of this study:(I)the ports cluster of the Shanghai International Shipping Center is highly centralized, and undergoes a porcess of first centralization then decentralization since the mid of 90s, last century. (2)Hinterlands of Shanghai port includes: Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou and Quzhou districts; Hinterlands of Ningbo port includes: Ningbo, Taizhou and Zhoushan districts.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.23-42
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• 2006

Services, despite the difficulty of its exact definition, can be defined as deeds, efforts, or performances by economical bodies, attributing to four unique characteristics - intangibility, inseparability, heterogeneity, and perishability. This study aims to research the global competition and problems of the local professional services, especially educational services and health services, and to suggest some devices for increasing the exportation of both educational services and health services. Educational services and health services were reserved in the multilateral negotiation to open the WTO parties' markets because of its national public benefits. But it is indispensable to open our local market by the bilateral FTA negotiation. Legal restrictions, therefore, related to both education and health should be erased according to the basic rule of the market competition, and it is advisable to control the national public benefit of these services by enacting the different legal systems. For recovering from minus balance of payment in the educational services or health services, furthermore, it is necessary to drive rather some offensive exporting policies than the defensive policy against supply from the foreign countries. In conclusion, the korean Foreign Trade Act and other relative acts should be revised, and both educational services and health services should be contained within the definition of "the international trade" for the governmental benefits of supporting the services exportation.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.45
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• pp.165-188
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• 2010

The repeal of the block exemption for liner conferences and the abolition of any "special EC antitrust regime" for the shipping industry marks an important step in European maritime competition policy. This article examines the origins and the rationale of the EC antitrust immunity granted so far to the shipping industry and explains the causes of this historical change. Moreover, based on the precedents which have appeared so far, a general assessment is offered under this new EC regime on agreements restricting competition in the liner shipping industry, in particular horizontal ones: conference and tariff/freight arrangements will be doomed, whereas the legitimacy of consortia agreements should not be cast in doubt; a case-by-case analysis will be the approach as regards exchange or dissemination of information by shipowners in the market, and the relevant case law which emerges on these matters in other industries will be the criterion for their evaluation. Finally, a few remarks are made in respect of the international dimension of the decision to outlaw liner conferences and hence carve out EU Member States from the UN Code of Conduct regime.