• 무역학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.121-140
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• 2021

The ship recycling or scrap is a phenomenon in the process of vessels life cycle has ended in the shipping industry. Scrap are greatly affected by freight rates due to ship demands. Not only that, environmental regulation and economic scale vessel demand are processes that must exist in the shipping industry as they obtain management for existing vessels. In the past, shipbreaking yard had tried to work without protection for poverty, without poor working conditions and facilities to prevent the emission of harmful substances. However, the issue of environmental pollution has been raised the Basel and Hong Kong Convention have been adopted, and a new replacement of the ship scrap that induces serious pollution is required. In this study, 165 countries were analyzed to confirm the importance of determining the ship solution. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the Environmental Performance Index, which is a measure of environmental regulation, is the most influential factor of ship scrapped volume. The determinant of whether lower labor cost can be secured is more correlated with population than GDP per capita. The implications of the results of the regression analysis mean that if environmental regulations for ship scrap of the future are strengthened, the status of Bangladesh and Pakistan, which currently account for half of the world's ship recycling, may change.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.113-190
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to perform empirical studies on the impact of pollution intensity on international competitiveness using 1993 and 1998 data, and to estimate the change in environmental regulation level faced by the firms during 1993~1998. Collecting relevant data and providing them for further studies in the area are another purposes of the paper. The first method is the regression of various indices of international competitiveness on factor costs, such as labor, capital, R&D and pollution abatement costs. Goal of the regression analysis is to estimate the scarcity and comparative advantage effect of each production factor, especially environmental resource. Regression results show that those industries which employ more environmental resource have higher comparative advantage in both years, which implies that Korean firms are endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. The second method is to compute the relative scarcity indices(HOVL indices) of production factors, proposed by Leamer based on Vanek's generalized Hecksher-Ohlin Theorem. This method estimates the relative scarcity of production factors by computing factor costs embodied in import and export of commodities. This method shows similar results as the regression method; i.e., trade pattern of production factors implies that the manufacturing sector in Korea is endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. Considering population density, water resource endowment, intensity of economic activity per unit area and current air and water pollution levels, it is evident that Korea is never endowed with abundant environmental resource compared to other countries. Then the abundance of environmental resource revealed by the trade patterns of commodities and production factors implies that Korea's environmental regulation level is excessively generous compared to environmental capacity, and that this increased the environmental resource endowment supplied to firms and thus distorted the inter-industry comparative advantages. Both regression and HOVL methods, on the other hand, show that overall environmental regulation level faced by the firms has been strengthened during 1993~1998.

• 청정기술
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2010

EU를 중심으로 전 세계적으로 확산되고 있는 국제환경규제는 국내의 성장동력인 수출에 커다란 무역장벽으로 작용하고 있으며, 이로 인하여 국내기업의 경영여건은 갈수록 어려워지고 있다. 그동안 사후대응에 머물고 있던 국제환경규제를 역이용하여 국내 기업들이 적극적인 선제적인 대응으로 나선다면 수출시장을 선점할 수 있는 좋은 기회가 될 것이다. 본 논문에서는 국제환경규제에 대한 국내 기업들의 새로운 시장 확대 계기 및 경쟁력 향상을 위해서 지금까지 진행된 국내의 국제환경규제 대응 현황을 살펴보고 앞으로의 대응방향에 대해 고찰하였다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권12spc호
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• pp.443-450
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• 2021

The study is devoted to the formation of a economic principles cargo delivery management in global supply chains. Mathematical model of delivering special categories of goods by road is a key element of these principles. The article analyzes the existing studies on solving the problem of cargo delivery in various aspects. It was noted that the greatest attention is paid to legal regulation, last mile delivery, optimization of routes and delivery schemes, information support, technological innovations, cluster routing, etc. In the developed mathematical model a minimum of total costs of forming loading units and freight shipments was defined as the criterion of optimality of organizing delivery by motor transport. The authors propose the creation of logistics clusters allowing the integration of urban transport flows and global supply chains.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제24권
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• pp.45-71
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• 2008

These days the international environmental regulations of the developed countries, especially from the EU, are rapidly changed to the regulations of product-based environment from a conventional end-of-pipe environmental technology. Especially the motive in this paper come from the EU's electrical and electronic equipment environment regulation. It may affect much to whole export of Korea Firms Integrated product policy has the potential to increase not only competitive power in today's global market, but also trade compatibility between countries. Furthermore it is important to make a contribution to sustainable development. CEOs must change their notions about firms' environmental policy from the end-of-pipe approach to the sustainable approach to improve company's competitive power. As emphasized a paradigm of naw environmental management by EU' environmental directives, the company must establish clean production system to save resources and reduces pollutant. Also Korean Company constructs a systematical network to collect EU' environmental regulation information which are changing rapidly. Large company will cooperate with small and medium-sized firm for their win-win strategy in the field of environmental management. Also it is necessary to make the domestic regulations of product-based environment to meet the international environmental regulations.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.145-164
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• 2009

환경세를 비롯한 경제적 유인수단이 직접규제 방식의 환경정책수단보다 비용 효율적이고 오염저감기술개발의 유인을 제공하는 장점이 있기 때문에 우리나라에서도 1990년대 들어서부터 환경세 도입 및 환경친화적 세제개편에 대한 논의가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 그러나 환경세가 무역경쟁력에 미치는 부정적 영향에 대한 우려가 현실적으로 환경친화적 세제개편을 단행하기 어려운 장애요인으로 작용하고 있다. 따라서 환경세의 부정적인 파급효과를 최소화하기 위하여 환경세의 도입은 철저하고 신중한 사전 준비를 통하여 이루어져야 하는데, 본고에서는 이에 대한 기초연구로서 환경과 무역을 연계한 국제적 논의의 추세와 국내외 선행연구를 개관하고, 환경세가 무역에 미치는 영향에 대한 이론분석결과를 제시하였다. 환경세가 무역에 미치는 영향에 있어서는 다른 나라보다 높은 환경세를 부과하는 경우, 오염유발산업보다 친환경적인 산업이 무역에 있어서 가격경쟁력이 있다는 결과를 도출하였다. 이는 환경세를 도입하는 경우 친환경적인 산업에 경쟁력 인센티브를 제공하여 중장기적으로 오염저감기술을 개발하는 긍정적인 효과를 기대할 수 있으며, 정부의 입장에서는 환경친화적인 산업 등을 육성, 지원하는 것이 환경개선과 동시에 무역부문에서의 국제경쟁력을 제고시키는 정책방향임을 시사한다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.236-240
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• 2022

The main purpose of the study is to analyze the key aspects of state regulation of the hotel and restaurant complex in the system of tourism development and the national economy. The effectiveness of the regulation of the hotel and restaurant complex in the system of development of tourism and the national economy largely depends on the presence of an effective central executive body that would take care of the problems of the development of the industry, the quality and perfection of legal support, a strategic view of programming the development of the industry within the state and regions, as well as administrative mechanisms of public administration, which fully ensure control over the activities of economic entities and the quality of the services they provide. Based on the results of the study, key aspects of state regulation of the hotel and restaurant complex in the system of tourism development and the national economy were identified.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.97-116
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• 2013

최근 들어 이런 환경문제와 관련된 가장 큰 특징은 선진국들을 중심으로 무역과 환경을 연계시키려는 움직임이 나타나고 있다는 것이다. 기후변화협약체제는 단순히 환경문제에만 국한되지 않는다. 경제활동에 있어 주요 동력원인 화석연료에 대한 규제는 곧 생산활동에 대한 규제로 직결되기 때문에 경제 및 무역에 미치는 영향은 지대한 것이다. 우리나라는 무역의존도가 매우 높으나 환경기준은 선진국에 비해 매우 낮기 때문에 환경문제가 무역과 연계가 강화된다면 우리나라 경제는 상당히 악영향을 받을 수밖에 없을 것이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 기후변화협약체제가 무역에 미칠 수 있는 영향을 살펴보고, 우리나라의 대응방안을 체계적으로 수립하는데 목적이 있다. 이러한 목적을 위하여 무역과 환경문제와의 상호관계를 살펴보고, 기후변화협약과 교토의정서의 무역관련 연계에 관해 분석하여 우리나라의 대응방안을 제시하고자 한다.

• 환경정책연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.25-45
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• 2002

Opening of trade relationships through an increasing number of international free trade agreements and the now defunct General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has resulted in an increase the number of the species being exchanged in the world. In the last 20 years, international environmental laws have multiplied and a number of treaties address harmful non-indigenous species (NIS) directly with specific provisions, while other treaties deal with related environmental issues and indirectly affect international regulation of NIS; however, such treaties are weak due to lack of enforceability. From the stand point of national law, many countries including the USA, Australia and New Zealand enforce national laws and regulations to protect biological resources. Typical strategies include : 1) strengthening quarantines to prevent unintentional and illegal introduction of harmful NIS, and 2) developing technologies for managing harmful NIS. However, the recent international trend for managing NIS has shifted. In 2002, the Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefit Arising out of their Utilization was adopted at the 6th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biodiversity. One major issue highlighted in the document is that "there is no more free of charge to get a biological resource from other countries". The Bonn guidelines will affect international and national NIS regulatory systems because the NIS is a potentially disrupts ecosystems as well as native species. A number of impacts are expected including the revamping of national biodiversity policy regimes in many countries in the world. In particular, the ROK, which is not very biologically diverse, has to evolve national laws to protect valuable ecosystems from NIS. In the meanwhile, national rights of using beneficial indigenous and non-indigenous species as biological resources should be considered through the investigation and national registration of NIS around the world for the promotion of the biotech industry.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.6905-6916
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• 2015

본 연구는 20세기 이후 급속한 과학기술의 발달로 산업의 공업화 및 인구의 도시화 등으로 인류의 생활터전인 환경이 위협받는 현 시점에, 이슈가 되고 있는 환경문제의 해결방안인 환경규제를 복잡계적 사고로 해석을 한 것이다. 산업혁명이후 출현한 산업의 고도화 과정에서 발생하고 있는 다양한 문제점들을 해결하기 위하여 오래전부터 많은 노력들이 시도되었다. 하지만 이러한 현상을 이해하기 위해서는 단순한 무역수준이나 경제 기술적 수준에서 해석할 수 없는 문제가 제기 되고 있다. 이러한 이슈들에 대해 복잡계적 사고를 통해 기술의 진화에 대한 우발성이 아니라 그들이 만들어낸 차이를 인식하고 혼돈의 가장자리에서 새로운 질서를 창발하는 현상에서 복잡계 시스템을 이해하고 선제적 대응 및 관리에 대한 기술적 혁신을 예측할 수 있는 기반을 제공하고자 한다. 복잡계적 사고로 분석해보면 지구가 처한 환경문제는 혼돈의 가장자리에 자리잡고 있다. 이러한 부분은 공공적인 부분에서 주도를 하고 있지만 이들만의 노력만으로는 해결이 되지 않는 다양한 구성요소들 간의 상호작용을 통한 인과관계를 형성하고 있다. 본 연구는 이러한 상호작용으로 환경규제에 대한 새로운 질서의 창발현상을 설명하고 있으며 환경규제를 공공적인 부분만의 질서가 아니라 민간 혹은 기업에서의 의지와 행동이 임계점에 도달하여 새로운 질서를 창발하는 노력이 필요함을 제시하고자 한다. 따라서 불확실성에 대한 환경규제의 새로운 질서를 이해하려는 기반을 제공하고자 한다.