• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.83-103
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• 2016

This paper examines the characteristics of structural change in the international agro-food trade network with a global trend of the FTA diffusion. By focusing on the centralities and the community structure to identify the agro-food trade network, we use the social network analysis and the trade data contained of 07, 08, 20, and 21 at the 2-digit HS product level among 45 countries over the last 15 years. The main analytical results are as follows: 1) Not only has intra trade network intensified more than inter-regional trade, but also, there is no doubt that inter-regioanl trade by linking has steadily increased. 2) EU countires have the high indices of centrality, which have already been highly integrated. 3) Intraregional agro-food trade network for fresh vegetables and processed food sector in Asia is shown to be strongly integrated. This finding suggests that the processes of economic integration will help strengthen the trade network for agro-food in a culturally homogeneous region. 4) The case of Korea's participation in the RCEP and TPP, Korea's power in the agro-food network tends to be reinforced, especially in the processed food sector. Overall, there is a need for establishment of spatial strategies and policies across the different regions for Mega FTAs.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.3-35
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• 2024

This paper utilizes social network analysis to examine the structural characteristics and trade dynamics of the renewable energy (hydropower, wind energy, and solar energy) trade network within the RCEP region from 2011 to 2020. The findings reveal: (1) The renewable energy trade network within the RCEP exhibits dynamism, heterogeneity, and an uneven development. The solar energy network is the most balanced and stable, while the wind energy network lags and shows marked fluctuations, with the hydropower network falling between these two. This demonstrates the diversity of energy trade within the region. (2) China, Singapore, and Japan are identified as the key exporting and importing countries, with Vietnam showing substantial growth potential. Individual analyses shed light on the stark disparities in trade status among nations, reflecting the diverse roles and future potential of member countries. (3) The QAP regression analysis reveals a significant influence of environmental pressure, particularly carbon dioxide emissions, on the renewable energy trade network. This study contributes to promoting environmental sustainability and energy security in the RCEP region and provides empirical evidence for global renewable energy trade strategies.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.269-271
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• 2012

The chicken has been growing in Korea for more than a thousand years according to the history book and commercially rising for broiler meat only since 1960's. As income increased mainly due to improved economy, it changes the habit of eating especially chicken meat. The structure changes into a coordinated production and marketing system which forced the prevailed small and independent producers to become a contract farmer under the vertically controlled practices. This coordinated structure began in 1970's and evolved continually to occupy around 90 percent of the market in 2010 with some ten (10) private brands being advertising. The industrial organizations have also conducted the generic promotion by a farmer's check-off program. Over the past 20 years, chicken import steadily increased to meet about 25 percent of the domestic market while the export showed negligible growth. As a whole, the structure change and international trade devoted to increased chicken consumption from 2 kg with the independent operation to 11 kg currently under the coordinated system and import. It is predicted that chicken consumption will grow in years to come and the import will also increase in addition to local productions, considering the free trade agreement that has already been in practice with EU and US to open the market eventually from all sources of supply worldwide.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.69
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• pp.721-740
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• 2016

Recently Korea has stepped into a stage of sluggish development, and the unemployment of young people has become a major issue. Especially in 1998 IMF economic shock was influential in formulating government policy and social economic structure on employment. Restructuring now becomes everyday words and further restructuring is already under way. Owing to the growing economic crisis and resultant unemployment and initial appointment shall be considered conditional. Young job seekers are grappling with mastering their native language and unnecessary experiences. These unnecessary experiences are needless waste of time and money. Educational system in university may be affected by environmental changes in population of students and business crisis. Sometimes the departments made a very low rate of employment may be abolished or merged in university. The government will demand us in the work of reform by doing NCS. The government is now ask to teach, train and employ students on the basis of NCS especially in high-school, job training center, and college and university. NCS has advantages and disadvantages. NCS may reduce waste of time and money to make unnecessary experiences, provide standard course to prepare educational system. It will be a big help to adapt properly and make better employment system. The most negative element of the program is application to humanities and social sciences by the same standard with technology and engineering department in the university. Standardization of each educational course will not react quickly to rapidly changing situations in the future.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.39-57
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• 2018

As competition grows in the telecommunication service industry, understanding the origins of brand image and consumer behavioral intentions challenges practitioners to design an effective marketing strategy and branding plan. In this paper, brand image and behavioral relationships are investigated in Bangladesh, an emerging market that has a particular socio-cultural and economic context of one of the most densely populated countries of South Asia. This study employs confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to analyze the database. Empirical testing and the proposed model suggest that brand image is the prime determinant of consumer satisfaction and loyalty. The results highlight the importance of perceived value, perceived trust and price structure to project brand image and satisfaction. Additionally, confirmation exhibits a stronger total effect of brand image on customer loyalty. Empirical findings extensively contribute to the theoretical and managerial understanding of subscribers' attitudes toward telecommunication service in an emerging market context.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.149-162
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• 1999

This article studies certain standards which have been developed for exchanging information about business and trading transactions, both nationally and internationally. In this context standards means standardised ways of representing trade information and standardised procedures for communicating it in computer-based environments. Early in the 1960s, the United Nations UN/ECE working party was formed. The purpose of the this organization was to simplify and standardize trade document. This organization eventually evolved into what is currently known as EDIFACT, the international EDI standards organization. EDIFACT is the basis for agreement on a common structure for documents such as those used for trading(e.g., orders, invoices), so that they can be interchanged electronically between computer systems. The standard was ratified in 1987 and has already been adopted by many EDI users for the earlier European and American standards for trading data interchange called UN/TDl and ANSI Xl2 respectively.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.347-351
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• 2022

The article is devoted to the formation of approaches to improving the system of administration of customs payments in modern conditions. It is established that important components of the administration of customs payments are customs expertise, customs value assessment, and control over the declaration of goods to ensure the completeness and timeliness of customs duties payments to the budget. It is found that the practice of customs administration shifts the emphasis of foreign trade regulation to the use of the principles of work implying the use of the latest technologies for the preliminary electronic exchange of information, remote customs clearance of goods without the physical presence of an official, and consistent application of risk management. It is established that an important place in the structure of the state authorities regulating the foreign economic activity is given to the customs service. Furthermore, the existing problems in the implementation of international trade operations necessitate the improvement of approaches to the customs regulation of export-import activities of enterprises.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.21-38
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• 2021

China adopts the "Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035" in the context of tremendous changes in the international environment. A new development paradigm is proposed to prioritize domestic circulation, reinforcing both domestic and international circulations. The industrial policies of China's "14th Five-Year Plan" will have an impact on Korea. Thus it is necessary for Korea to cooperate with China to actively respond to changes in the industrial chains and value chains in Asia and the world. Over the past 29 years since the establishment of diplomatic relation between China and South Korea, the two countries have enjoyed close economic and trade relations. China-ROK cooperation is critical to regional economic development in the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the era of remarkable changes in the world's political and economic structure. China is a robust developing country, while Korea is a developed one in with steady foothold in the world economy. China and South Korea should work together to contribute to the rapid recovery and development of the world economy instead of becoming competitors.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.339-361
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• 2009

This paper attempts to provide a way to improvement in trade & commerce between Korea and Russia, analyzing the influence of the circumstances of the Russian economy on economic relations between the two countries. The study briefly reviews the current situation of the Russian economy, and tries to examine the strong points to be considered as leverage for cooperation and the weak points to be overcome. Previous studies have determined that the Russian economy has unlimited potential for growth, because it is endowed with abundant resources, and has a government willing to reform for the opening of the economy, as well as high-quality labor. However, the economic structure is vulnerable to impact of the worldwide financial crisis. It is not possible to overlook its institutional fragility and vulnerability such as a corrupt bureaucracy or a relatively large black market. These undesirable factors may not only undermine the basis of Russia economy but also a hindrance to economic cooperation by increasing economic uncertainty. This paper attempts to analyze comprehensively the socio-economic factors that influence the open-economy of Russia, and to illustrate strategies for improvement in trade and commerce through the viewpoint of Korean firms that are already in business or are trying to enter in the near future. Some measures to improve their economic cooperation are suggested at the end.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.165-172
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• 2020

Industrial Revolution means the improvement of productivity through technological innovation and has been a driving force of the whole change of economic system and social structure as the characteristic of technology as the tool of this productivity has changed. Since the first industrial revolution of the 18th century, productivity efficiency has been advanced through three industrial revolutions so far, and this fourth industrial revolution is expected to bring about another revolution of production. In this study, the demand for the introduction of artificial intelligence(AI) technology has been increasing in various business fields due to the rapid development of ICT technology, and the classification of HS(harmonized commodity description and coding system) items has been decided using artificial intelligence technology, which is the core of the fourth industrial revolution. And it is enough to construct HS classification system based on AI technology using inference and deep learning. Performing the HS item classification is not an easy task. Implementation of item classification system using artificial intelligence technology to analyze information of HS item classification which is performed manually by the current person more accurately and without any mistake, And the customs administrations, customs offices, and customs agencies, it is expected to be highly utilized in the innovation of trade practice and the customs administration innovation FTA origin agent.