• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.60 no.6
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• pp.397-405
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• 2023

As interest in greenhouse gas reduction has increased in all sectors, the discussion of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to regulate pollution by ships is attracting attention in international shipping. At the 80th IMO MEPC held in July 2023, the 「2023 IMO Strategy for the Reduction of Green House Gases from Ships (MEPC. 377(80))」 was adopted, which included the net-zero target around 2050, and a firm intention to the decarbonization of the international shipping sector showed. In particular, energy, fuel and technology targets for zero or near-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 were added as new targets, and total greenhouse gas emission checkpoints for 2030 and 2040 were added as an indicator for achieving the 2050 target. The IMO's goal setting for 2030, which is about seven years away, will impose a lot of technical, economic, and political burden despite the decarbonization technology of international shipping, which has grown to a significant level in a short period of time. Accordingly, this paper presents the comprehensive impact of the 2023 IMO GHG Strategy on international shipping.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.319-327
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• 2016

Whereas shipping and Ship-building industries of Korea have been under the direct influence of International Maritime Organization (IMO) conventions and resolutions that aim at maritime safety and the protection of marine environment, it is needed that a specialized institute for dealing with IMO Agenda be established by industry-academy-government collaboration. Accordingly, this study proposes the establishment of a specialized institute to manage the IMO Agenda. To this end, integrating the existing bodies and their functions into a specialized institute, namely, the International Maritime Cooperation Center, is suggested. This center, composed of 40 researchers and operated by the Korea Maritime Institute, could assume this role. This study proceeds by building an estimate of the operational cost of the institute and exploring practical ways to finance it through the private and public sectors, also considering revisions to the Maritime Safety Act to ensure continuous operation of the new institute.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 2022

This study was aimed at designing a condenser, as a component of the organic Rankine cycle system for ships. The condenser was manufactured through press molding to achieve a bent shape to enhance the heat transfer performance, considering the shape of the heat transfer plate used in a brazing plate heat exchanger. The heat transfer plate was made of copper-nickel alloy. The required heat transfer rate for the condenser was 110 kW, and the maximum number of layers was set as 25, considering the characteristics of high-temperature brazing. Computational fluid dynamics techniques were used to perform the thermal fluid analysis, based on the ANSYS CFX (v.18.1) commercial program. The heat transfer rate of the condenser was 4.96 kW for one layer (width and length of 0.224 and 0.7 m, respectively) of the heat transfer exchanger. The fin efficiency pertaining to the heat transfer plate was approximately 20%. The heat flow analysis for one layer of the heat exchanger plate indicated that the condenser with 25 layers of heat transfer plates could achieve a heat transfer rate of 110 kW.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.21-36
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• 2019

To ensure that Korea continues to grow, past governments have been consistent in following a policy of advancing into Russia, Mongolia, and Eurasia. The northern economy can expect to achieve synergistic growth because its economic structure complements that of Korea, which has high energy demand and industrial development. There is also an opportunity to accelerate the growth of the China-Russia-Mongolia economic corridor, which is based on Russia's Look East Policy, China's One Belt One Road, and the Mongolian Steppe Road initiative. The Korean government is pursuing a New Northern Policy to achieve the goal of economic cooperation and peace building with other nations, including North Korea; this policy succeeds the Northern Policy pursued by the previous government. As international economic cooperation requires transportation infrastructure, the demand for shipping, which offers more advantages than road and rail transportation, will increase; thus, it is necessary to prepare for it. Korea's port cities, which have a port that serves as the nodal point for maritime transportation, need to prepare for the New Northern Policy. In this paper, the long-term development of Seosan-Daesan port in the was planned and the North Korea's opening-op plan was considered in accordance with the New Northern Policy. Because international cooperation between the government and the provincial cities is required, cooperation with the Port Authority is needed, along with the proactive attitude of Seosan City, Chungcheongnam-do. The Seosan-Daesan port, which is the center of the liquid energy cargo center, can become the base of the New Northern Policy Region; further, the port can be an opportunity to establish its position as a peaceful economic hub on the west coast of Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.647-655
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• 2021

The IMO (International Maritime Organization) is discussing the improvement of energy ef iciency of ships in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships. Currently, by applying an ORC power generation system using waste heat generated from ships, high energy conversion efficiency can be expected from ships. This technology uses an organic medium based on Freon or hydrocarbons as the working fluid, which evaporates at a lower temperature range than water. Through this, it is possible to generate steam (gas) and generate power at a low and low temperature relatively. In this study, the analysis of heat flow between the refrigerant and waste heat in the ORC power generation system, which is an organic Rankine cycle, is analyzed using 3D simulation techniques to determine the temperature change, velocity change, pressure change, and mass change of the fluid flowing of the WHRU (Waste Heat Recovery Unit) inside and the outside the structure. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the mass change affects the structure, and this study analyzed the heat transfer of the heat exchanger from the refrigerant and the exhaust gas of the ship's main engine in the ORC power generation system using this technique.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.331-337
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• 2022

In 2021, the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP), a U.N. advisory research institute, cited container loss as one of six sources of marine litters in shipping. The sinking of the X-P ress Pearl in May 2021 caused a catastrophic environmental pollution accident in which the loaded containers were moved to the shore, and the plastic pellets were loaded inside covered the coast of Sri Lanka. With this history, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) will discuss prevention and follow-up measures for container loss during ship voyages, as an agenda at the 8th Sub Committee on Carriage of Cargoes and Containers meeting in September 2022. To establish Korea's response direction at the IMO meeting, this study identified major causes of container loss accidents, and considered the response through analysis based on the accident investigation report and related professional data. As a result, it was found that the major cause of container loss during voyages was the enlargement of container ships, bad weather, and poor loading of containers. In particular, the need to prepare countermeasures for the deterioration of the operational safety of large container ships due to bad weather was identified. Additionally, integrated monitoring of the implementation of international conventions is required, for the safe sea transportation of container cargo. In particular, in terms of preservation of the marine environment, it is necessary to supplement the system for the recovery of lost containers. Finally, it was found that it is necessary to establish systems that can complement each other in the shipbuilding and shipping industries, in terms of shipbuilding as well as ship operation, to fundamentally prevent container loss accidents at sea. It is judged that it is difficult to resolve the various factors of container loss at sea during voyages, by responding from an individual perspective.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.426-433
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• 2020

This study aimed to compare the pretreatment methods of phytoplankton for type approval of the Ballast Water Treatment System (BWMS). The International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the United States Maritime Police (USCG) use two different test methods for this purpose. To compare the two methods, a test for concentration and non-concentration was performed with cultured and natural phytoplankton, and samples from the land-based BWMS test. The extent of damages caused by the process of concentration varied between cultured and natural species, indicating differences depending on the physiological and morphological characteristics of the species. In the land-based test, in the control water with a high biological population, the number of non-concentrated samples was about twice as high as that of the concentrated samples. There was no distinct difference between the two methods in the treated water with a low biological population. Thus, although there is a difference between concentration and non-concentration for phytoplankton sampling, the concentration method can be applied as a method of evaluating BWMS performance. However, a method for evaluating whether live species in treated water may be lost or damaged during the concentration process of sampling should be developed and validated.

• Strategy21
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• s.31
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• pp.5-26
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• 2013

The South Korean society has experienced many changes since the sinking of ROKS Cheonan. The government reviewed its defense posture and adopted the 5·24 Measure in its relations with North Korea. As a result, the people of South Korea became more conscious of security situations on the Korean peninsula while North Korea's economy suffered badly. Meanwhile, the South Korean government has taken a flexible stance toward North Korea in terms of exchange and cooperation since September 2011. The flexible stance was to manage inter-Korea relations in a stable manner and relieve the hardships of the North Korean people while preserving the spirits and purposes of the 5·24 Measure. The UN Security Council adopted twenty-six resolutions and statements on North Korea since June 25, 1950. They include thirteen U.N. Security Council resolutions including those concerning nuclear weapons or missile programs, nine Presidential statements, and four press statements. Resolution 82, the first U.N. resolution on North Korea, came when the Korean War broke out. Resolution 825, the first one related to nuclear or missile programs, was adopted in response to North Korea's withdrawal from the NPT. Apart from these U.N. resolutions, the United States has imposed separate sanctions against North Korea. North Korea's nuclear weapons program can be considered in comparison with that of Iran in terms of the consequences they create for the regional security. The Security Council has adopted six resolutions on Iran so far. One should note that the resolutions on Iran have had much stronger sanctions compared to those imposed on North Korea. That is, while the North Korea case may be viewed as a more serious threat to international security from the perspective of nuclear weapons development or proliferation, tougher sanctions have been placed on Iran. There are two approaches that South Korea should take in addressing the related issues. First, we should aim to reduce the gap between sanctions imposed on Iran and North Korea. It is difficult to understand that a country with more serious problems is rewarded with lighter sanctions. We should take measures through the Security Council Sanctions Committee to make individuals and groups in North Korea that play a central role in developing nuclear weapons and missiles subject to additional sanctions. Second, we have to change. Other countries in the international community have become tired of North Korea's nuclear issue and now they look to South Korea for initiative. We should correctly understand this current situation and play a leading role within our capacity. Knowingly and unknowingly, the notion that the North Korean nuclear issue may be left to South Korea has been spread around the international community. Although the situation is grave, we should try to open a new horizon in ushering in the unification era by taking the initiative with confidence that there is a looming hope ahead of us. For these tasks, we should stop thinking in the old way that has been ossified for the last two decades. We should not be pushed around by neighboring great powers in dealing with North Korea related issues anymore; we should take the initiative with resolution that we will play our role at the center of four great powers and with confidence that we can do it. Based on the confidence that the Republic of Korea has become a country with enough capacity to take the initiative, we should establish a 'National Grand Strategy' representing South Korea's strategic vision that the unification is the ultimate solution to the problems related to North Korea's nuclear weapons program.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.246-252
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• 2018

In this paper, the friction drag force of 3D submerged body is investigated by considering the surface roughness, the first grid height, and the Reynolds number using open CFD source code, OpenFOAM 4.0. A procedure for estimating drag components by CFD code is set up and suggested in this study. In the 3D submerged body, because of the form factor in the 3D computations, the friction resistance with the small roughness of $12{\mu}m$ obtains different result with the smooth wall. As the Reynolds number increased, the boundary layer becomes thinner and the fiction resistance tends to decrease. In the computations for the effect of y+, the friction resistance and wall shear stress are excessively predicted when the y+ value deviates from the log layer. This is presumably because the boundary layer becomes thicker and the turbulence energy is excessively predicted in the nose due to the increase in y+ value. As the roughness increases, the boundary layer becomes thicker and the turbulence kinetic energy on the surface increases. From this study, the drag estimation method, considering the roughness by numerical analysis for ships or offshore structures, can be provided by using the suggested the y+ value and surface roughness with wall function.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.270-276
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• 2019

According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) 2020 Regulation, ships operating outside designated emission control areas (ECA) have to use low-sulfur oil with a sulfur content of 0.5% or less by January 2020. To minimize the consumption of high-priced low-sulfur oil, it is urgent to introduce efficient energy-saving devices (ESD), and contra-rotating propeller (CRP) systems are well known to be the most effective one. The shafting system that drives a CRP is composed of an inner shaft and an outer one and has a mutually influential system that is much more complex and heavier than a general shafting system. An initial design was carried out to install a CRP system for the first time in Korea. The purpose of this study is to verify whether the journal bearing meets the classification's design criteria through a bearing reaction force analysis for the classification's approval of the initial design. It is ideal for the thrust of the propeller to act on the center of the shaft, but thrust eccentricity occurs due to the uneven wake caused by the stern shape. Load conditions were applied while considering thrust eccentricity to perform the shaft analysis, and the results were compared with the classification's criteria.