• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.267-275
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• 2021

This study investigates the relationship between cultural distance and entry mode choice, where the foreign investor firm and the host country are both from emergent economies. Within this framework, research is limited and the issue is whether companies, regardless of their specific situations, have the same strategy when they meet a high degree of uncertainty in the host environment. In this study, we focused on the influence of informal institutional factors: cultural distance, that has been extensively analyzed in international business, measured by Kogut and Singh index and defined according to Hofstede, Globe Project and Schwartz approaches. The general trend derived from prior research proves that when a company from a developed country is involved; overall more enthusiasm is shown for wholly-owned subsidiaries rather than joint venture. This result still stands validated for corporations from this emergent economy area. Our analysis of a sample of 163 FDI in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) using logistic binary regression model reveals that the foreign firms prefer to establish wholly-owned subsidiaries in the host country over entering into a joint venture with a local firm, taking into consideration the large cultural distance.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.3-39
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• 2009

The purposes of this study are to identify important variables such as strategic motivation, performance objectives and satisfaction, managerial and functional area control, functional area conflict, resource contribution, investment environment and competition of international joint ventures (IJV) and to compare the management practices of Korean and Japanese IJVs in Vietnam. Data set consists of those Korean and Japanese IJVs with local partners in Vietnam. The results suggest that Korean and Japanese IJVs in Vietnam reveals significant differences in their international management practices at IJVs in most areas. We also found differences in satisfaction of the parent companies with the performance of these IJVs in Vietnam.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.1204-1212
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• 2011

This article analysis the obstacles and motivating factors of joint ventures between South Korean and German companies. As a theoretical frame is used the resource based view to explain motivating as well as hindering factors that influence joint ventures between Korean and German firms. The theoretical findings are tested with a sample of approximately 200companies that operate in the machinery industry. The data were provided by the German Machinery Industry Association and the Korean Association of Machinery Industry. The results of the findings are used to derive implications for governmental policy makers.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.869-874
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• 2005

Given the intense competition and slowdown in domestic demands, there is greater pressure on Singapore contractors to seek overseas markets for revenue and growth. This impetus, coupled with emerging economic reforms in the regional developing countries, has invariably created numerous opportunities for Singapore contractors. However, mixed results were reported on their overseas performance so far. Consequently, this paper aims to formulate a framework that would assist Singapore contractors to successfully export their services into developing countries. The proposed framework comprises ten critical success factors (CSFs), which are identified from in-depth interviews with eight Singapore contractors. These ten success factors are subsequently classified under three different stages, namely initial, entry and operational stages. Preliminary results show that Singapore contractors are most focused on the entry stage, with the highest number of CSFs.

• International conference on construction engineering and project management
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.737-743
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• 2005

Since the designation of the South Korean Construction industry as an open market industry by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1994, South Korea's construction firms were exposed to competition from firms of other advanced countries. Increased competition in the industry raised quality of production and lowered the cost of construction projects. Therefore, many big construction projects were planned and constructed with foreign construction partners during the last decade. Also, from those projects the South Korea Construction industry accumulated experience in and knowledge of both project management and construction management perspectives. However, in the process of conducting those big projects, many problems - specifically responsibility and the limit of competence - occurred between foreign construction partners. Hence, this study attempts to improve its role model that is for local and foreign companies to enter into Joint Ventures in the South Korea construction industry.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.125-144
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to research the investment environment of Vietnam and analyze the actual investment state of Korean enterprises in Vietnam and seek for the points at issue. In general, the investment environment in Vietnam shows both a positive side and negative side. However Vietnamese market is a attractive one as ever for direct investment of Korean enterprises considering their constant economy growth, investment increase of foreign company for Vietnam, China risk. And the point at issue in investment of Korean Enterprises is as follows. That is, inclining to manufacturing, preference of independence investment, small-sized investment by small and medium enterprises, preference of greenfield investment, restricted purpose of investment, insufficiency of infrastructure for logistics, electric power, legal system. The results of the study indicate mainly that the investment of Korean enterprise into Vietnam needs a switchover of the third service trade-tertiary industry, collaboration with Vietnamese enterprise through joint venture investment, a large-scale investment for Vietnam domestic market and neighboring countries' market, practical use of M&A with existing Vietnamese enterprise and diverse purpose for investment.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.375-393
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the Chinese investment environment and analyze the actual investment condition of Korean enterprises in China and examine the points at issue. In general, the investment environment in China shows satisfactory progress. China has a multiple and regional extension policy in investment. And the environment for investment changes to insufficiency of company profit, extension of service market, maintenance of legislative system, and insufficiency of preference about foreign company. There are situations of inclining to manufacturing, inclining of region, preference of independence investment, small-sized investment by small and medium enterprises, difficulty of financial assistance, excess of logistic cost, delay of logistic term, difficulty of settlement of legal dispute and difficulty of taking a relative information in investment of Korean enterprise in China. The results of the study indicate mostly that the investment of Korean enterprise into China needs turnover of service trade-tertiary industry, portfolio of investment territory, cooperation with Chinese enterprise through joint venture investment and a large-scale investment for extension of Chinese domestic market.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.235-256
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• 2017

This study is to analyse how trust and asset specificity among partner firms affect on performance of international joint venture(IJV). Especially, the analysis was mainly based on a quadratic model. While it assumes that the previous studies was based on linear model in the relationship between trust, asset specificity and the performance, this study proceeds a empirical analysis by setting up a hypothesis; it would be quadratic relationship between trust, asset specificity and performance which are based on social capital theory and transaction cost theory. The survey was held with 74 manufactures who were established as an IJV by Korean and foreign firms together. In the result of the empirical analysis, trust shows an inverted U-shaped relationship with IJV performance. Also, asset specificity shows the U-shaped relationship with IJV performance. The results suggest that it needs to control and maintain the trust level among the partners in order not to lose an appropriate control caused by too much trust. In order to minimize the cost generated by asset specificity and to transform it into positive impact, it needs a control and the operation of monitoring system on the opportunistic action of the partners. Furthermore, it needs to keep organizational flexibility and innovativeness to continuously develop new capabilities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.194-204
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• 2021

The research was analyzed the catch data of the five years (2016-2020) for six joint venture company tuna purse seiners in the Atlantic Ocean, with the aim of suggesting improvement measures for responsible and sustainable fishing according to changes of recommendation by International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) on the tropical tunas. In the last five years, the average catch of six tuna purse seiner gradually increased to 7,745 tons, 8,364 tons and 9,053 tons from 2016 to 2018, but decreased to 7,761 tons in 2019 and 6,214 tons in 2020. The reason for the decrease in fishing volume in 2019 and 2020 was the fluctuation of the formation of the cold water zone (22-23℃), and the total ICCAT convention area of FAD closure in January and February due to the expansion of the FAD closure area and poor free school catching during two months period, respectively. The analysis on fishing area showed that the percentage of fishing in the high sea was about 85% although the FAD closure area included the EEZ zone in coastal countries; the rise of the fishing license in coastal countries is also believed to be a factor. In order to overcome such situations and improve catching volume, it will be possible if excellent manpower is secured, school fishing is expanded, and the production of high value-added catch (purse seine special: PS).

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.67-95
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• 2000

Owing to the Boero Service, Global Trading will be materialized as international Business to Business E-Commerce. There are three principles in the letter of credit transaction, that is to say, independence and abstraction, document dealing, strict compliance. In the electronic letter of credit, these principles are called as independence and abstraction, electronic document dealing, strict compliance. As a joint venture between SWIFT and TT Club, bolero.net is changing the way the world trades by providing a web-based, paperless mode of commerce that is designed to become a global standard. As bolero.net supplies the service of the title registry resolves the problem of Electronic Bill of Lading, the electronic letter of credit will be easily introduced. Thus, this study deals with the Nature of the Electronic Letter of Credit Transaction and the Presentation of the Documents, in particular, the Bolero Bill of Lading.