• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.77-95
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• 1986

In 1962 the governing bodies of FAO and WHO approved the establishment of a joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, the creation of a jointly sponsored body to be known as the Codex Alimentarius commission to implement the Programme. It can reasonably be claimed that the Commission has assumad the leading role in establishing internation food standards throughout the world. The Codex Committee of Food Hygiene has received much advice and assistance from other international organization which have been working in this field for a number of years. In particular, it has received valuable background documentation from the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods(ICMSF) which was set up by the International Association of Microbiological Societies(IAMS), and also from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Nevertheless, in spite of the information supplied by governments and research bodies in this field, microbiological standards have proved to be a highly controversial subject from the point of view of Codex standards. When it is decided to establish a microbiological standard for a food or class of foods, the following technical and administrative aspects must be considered: 1) The standard should be based on factual studies and serve one or more of the following objectives: (1) to determine the conditions of hygiene under which the food should be manufactured; (2) to minimize the hazards to public health; (3) to measure the keeping quality and storage potential of the food 2) The standard should be attainable under practicable operating and commercial conditions and should not entail the use of excessive heat treatment or the additions of extra preservatives. 3) The standard should be determined after investigation of the processing operation. 4) The standard should be as simple and inexpensive to administer as possible, the number of tests being kept to a minimum. 5) Details of methods to be used for sampling, examining and reporting should accompany all published microbiological standards. 6) In establishing tolerance levels for the permissible number of defective samples, allowance should be made for sampling and other variations due to differences in the laboratory methods. The following additional points should be kept in mind: 1) It is not satisfactory to establish one set of microbiological standards for a miscellaneous group of foods, such as“frozen foods”or“precooked foods”. 2) Microbiological standards should be applied first to the more hazardous types of food on the basis of experience of expected microbiological levels, taking into account variations in composition, processing procedures, and storage. 3) When a standard is established, there should be a definite relationship between the standard and the hazard against which it is meant to protect the public. 4) The sensitivity, reliability, and reproducibility of the sampling and analytical methods should be compared in different laboratories and the methods to be used should be specified in detail as part of the standard. 5) Tolerances should be included in the standard to account for inaccuracies of sampling and analysis. 6) Standards should be applied on a voluntary basis before compliance is made mandatory.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제46권
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• pp.265-313
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• 2010

Kyoto Protocol is an international convention on concrete performance program for UNFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), which regulate and prevent to global warming and officially came into effect on February 16, 2005. Kyoto flexible mechanisms, the agreed environmental system in March 1997 in the Third Conference of Parties in UNFCCC General Assembly, Emission Trading System(ETS), Clean Development Mechanism(CDM) and Joint Implementation(JI), are key policies related to environment. In advanced countries, greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced average 5.2% level compared to 1990 in total emissions during 2008-2012. World leading carbon market finished the trial on the EU ETS I greenhouse gas emissions trading system, EU ETS II is operated regularly after 2008. World Bank leads to make 'Prototype Carbon Fund(PCF)' in April 2004, which is the world first carbon fund and a representative public carbon fund type, World Bank operate various funds including present PCF. Thus, I would like to propose as follows in relation to this study: First, in the validity analysis of carbon funds, it would be needed to analyze the Emission Reduction Cost Efficiency(ERCE) of carbon. The ERCE is a break-even value which brings the Net Present Value(NPV) to zero. NPV approach is used among projects and it enables potential projects to be compared and evaluated the ERCE on the basis of the net present value of net future cash flows. Therefore, according to results of analysis, carbon funds should be developed and invested. Second, it would be necessary to allow of issuing bonds together with carbon funds, carbon finance etc. Third, carbon funds, it would be reasonable to have a relatively enough maturity in project and as a financial derivatives in the international financial markets, it is needed various types of transactions. Fourth, it would be needed to standardize the carbon emissions trading for more efficiently. Fifth, it would be necessary to establish and invest in various kinds of domestic and overseas global carbon funds, including governments, privates, governments and privates sectors. And it is also needed to establish the medium and long term plans for carbon funds. Sixth, it would be needed to foster the advanced trade mechanisms for carbon funds in the most effective ways. Finally, carbon funds should be used in harmony with international societies to reduce global warming as the social responsible investing funds and it should be contribute to sustainable development. In addition, it would seem that carbon funds should be studied on establishing the contributable standard of sustainable development in the future assignment.

• 정보처리학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.15-28
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• 2008

The Korea UK e-Science Collaboration project has been aimed at supporting research and collaboration between Korean and UK researchers. Its goal is to benefit the nation by reducing cost and time in constructing the National e-Science Research Environment' by studying and benchmarking the cases in countries that have already procured advanced technologies in the area. Two joint workshops were held in a year where researchers from the two countries had the opportunities to share their research results with each other. Also, the project has supported exchanges of researchers fostering expertise in the field. In the course of the project, the e-Science Centre in the UK and KISTI have signed MoU(Memorandum of Understanding) in 2006. Moreover, there have been active research collaboration between Korea and the UK. The University of Southampton will share the BioSimGrid data with the Korean counterpart, and the University of York has provided the AURA software. In the future, KISTI and the UK NGS(National Grid Service) will organize a working group at OGF that will work mainly on the standardization of Parameter Sweep and bring it to lead the global standard. KISTI will include its own AURORA system into OMI-UK software stack, which will enable access to NGS resources through AURORA user application. The collaboration with the UK has opened up more opportunities for collaboration with other countries as well. KISTI and HLRS in Germany have agreed to share the COVISE and will have research exchanges. As such, it is expected that Korea will play a major role in e-Science research by building strategic and systematic collaborative relations with its International partners.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.28-36
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• 2020

조선소에서 이루어지는 선박 건조는 용접에 의해 수행되고 있으며, 친환경선박에 대한 국제적인 요구에 따라 용접물량은 증가하고 있다. 용접부는 비파괴검사를 통하여 품질을 보증하고 있으며, 검사 정보를 나타내는 리포트는 인력이 설계된 도면을 확인하여 수작업으로 용접검사 리포트가 작성된다. 이 과정에서 소요되는 많은 공수와 인적오류로 인하여 손실이 발생하고 있다. 이러한 문제 해결을 위해 본 논문에서는 조선 전용 CAD 소프트웨어를 기반으로 설계된 데이터를 입력하여 용접검사에 관한 리포트가 자동으로 생성되는 시스템에 대하여 다룬다. 개발하는 시스템은 모델링의 도면으로부터 형상 데이터를 분석하여 부재 면의 확장을 통해 용접부를 판단 및 태그 넘버를 생성하고, 용접길이, 두께, 재질 등 검사에 필요한 정보를 자동으로 추출하는 기능을 제공한다. 시스템의 유용성을 검증하기 위해 시스템을 통해 추출된 검사 정보와 모델링 도면을 비교하여 일치하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 산업진흥연구
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.123-134
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• 2020

본 연구는 탈냉전이후 역대 한국정부의 북핵전략내용들을 규명하고, 동일시기 한반도에 영향을 준 미국의 B. 클린턴과 G.W.부시 행정부의 대북핵정책과 북한의 핵전략 및 전술이 한국정부의 북핵전략에 어떠한 인과론적 결과를 파생하였는지 상호연계·분석하여 향후의 대응방안을 제시하는데 있다. 탈냉전직후인 1991년 12월 13일 남북한이 공동 합의한 '남북기본합의서'는 한국이 남북관계를 주도해 가는 토대를 마련해 주었고, 북핵해결의 기점이라 하는 '한반도비핵화선언'은 냉전종식에 대한 미국의 '해외전술핵무기폐기선언'과 직결되는 일련의 조치로, 냉전해체후 국제질서 재편과정의 파생물이자 북한의 교묘한 핵전략에 말려든 오판의 산물이었다. 이후 김영삼의 문민정부-->김대중정부의 햇볕정책-->노무현정부의 평화·번영정책--> 이명박 정부의 상생·공영정책과 비핵·개방·3000 전략은 남북관계발전을 정부정책의 제일기조로 삼고 제시한 정책적 모토이고 추진과정에서 방법상의 차이가 있었다. 그러나 북핵문제대응에 대한 공통적 측면은 북핵문제해결을 위한 주도적이고 적극적인 대응책 마련과 실행의 노력보다는 국제기구나 다자적국제체제 및 미국역할에대한 기대심리가 지대했음을 인지할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 이의 미흡한 점을 보강하기 위한 결론적 제안으로 일치단결된 국민의식으로 북핵폐기를 위한 단호한 대전략(大戰略)수립과, 북핵문제해결을 위한 다자협의체제와 국제레짐의 공조(共助)를 통한 보다 쇄신되고 강력한 미래의 역할주문과 한국의 역대정부에서 이룩한 남북한 5대합의문의 재보강을 통한 확대된 억지책(extended deterrence)강구를 제언하였다.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2022

The article proves that the main goal of informatization of higher education institutions in the EU countries is to improve the quality of education of future specialists by introducing digital educational resources into the education process. The main tasks of informatization of education are defined. Digital educational resources are interpreted as a set of data in digital form that is applicable for use in the learning process; it is an information source containing graphic, text, digital, speech, music, video, photo and other information aimed at implementing the goals and objectives of modern education; educational resources on the Internet, electronic textbooks, educational programs, electronic libraries, etc. The creation of digital educational resources is defined as one of the main directions of informatization of all forms and levels of Education. Types of digital educational resources by educational functions are considered. The factors that determine the effectiveness of using digital educational resources in the educational process are identified. The use of digital educational resources in the training of future specialists in the EU countries is considered in detail. European countries note that digital educational resources in professional use allow you to implement a fundamentally new approach to teaching and education, which is based on broad communication, free exchange of opinions, ideas, information of participants in a joint project, on a completely natural desire to learn new things, expand their horizons; is based on real research methods (scientific or creative laboratories), allowing you to learn the laws of nature, the basics of techniques, technology, social phenomena in their dynamics, in the process of solving vital problems, features of various types of creativity in the process of joint activities of a group of participants; promotes the acquisition by teachers of various related skills that can be very useful in their professional activities, including the skills of using computer equipment and various digital technologies.

• 대한기계학회논문집 C: 기술과 교육
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.117-122
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• 2016

세계적으로 무인기 활용이 증가하고 이와 관련한 사고 보도도 잇따르고 있는 가운데 각국 정부 당국, 관련 기관 및 산업체 등에서는 무인기 운영 관련 정책 및 규정 제 개정을 위한 노력에 박차를 가하고 있다. 또한 이와 동시에 국제민간항공기구에서 관련 연구조직(UASSG, Unmanned Aerial System Study Group)을 통해 국제 표준 마련을 위한 공동 연구를 진행해 왔다. 최근에는 국제민간항공기구에서 무인기패널체(RPASP, Remotely Piloted Aircraft System Panel)를 조직하여 무인기의 민간공역 통합 운영을 목표로 관련 부속서, 표준 및 권고 등을 제 개정하기 위한 논의를 수행하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 국제민간항공기구의 무인기 정책 연구 및 개발 동향을 조사하고, 이를 통해 국내 무인기 정책 마련을 위해 필요한 사항을 제안하였다. 이는 국제적인 무인기 정책 및 규정 개발 동향을 파악하여 관련 산업개발 방향 설정 및 국내 규정 마련에 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제69권
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• pp.407-426
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• 2016

The Marine Insurance Act 1906 (MIA 1906) has been a successful piece of legislation, having rarely been amended and having established, or served as an influence in the development of, the basis of marine insurance legislation in several countries. However, it has been recognised that some parts of the MIA 1906 have begun to show their antiquated nature, especially where established principles which were once thought to reflect undoubted propositions of law are now being openly criticised. Since 2006, the Law Commission and Scottish Law Commission (the 'Law Commissions') have been engaged in a major review of insurance contract law, finally leading to the Insurance Act 2015. The Insurance Act 2015 received Royal Assent on 12 February 2015, and was based primarily on the joint recommendations of the Law Commissions. The 2015 Act made substantial changes to several main areas of marine insurance law & practice: (i) the replacement of the pre-contractual duty of disclosure with a duty to make a "fair presentation of the risk"; (ii) the abolition of the "insurance warranty" under the Marine Insurance Act 1906, s.33, and provision of a new default remedy of suspension of liability until the breach is cured; (iii) partial codification of the fraudulent claims rule in insurance contract law, etc. The Act did not provide for any new statutory duty for insurers to investigate or pay claims in a timely fashion, although this may be revisited in the next Parliament. Moreover, the Law Commissions have reopened their consideration of the doctrine of insurable interest. The 2015Actmay not then signal the end of the legislative programme in this area.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.97-111
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the policy status of traditional medicine standardization between Korea and China as well as to derive a strategic development plan for Korean medicine standardization. Methods: The existing national plans and preceding studies on traditional medicine standardization in Korea and China were reviewed, and scope of the study was categorized as having three main aspects: infrastructure; standard development and standardization activities; and application and diffusion. Results: Nine development plans for Korean medicine standardization derived under the study were as follows: With regard to infrastructure of standardization, 1) standardization plan of Korean medicine shall be established based on involvement of multi-government ministries. 2) It shall be set with a consistent cooperation process among standardization-related organizations, as well as 3) encourage the industry to participate in standardization activities. To activate standards development, 4) launching the R&D-standardization-industrialization linked project, 5) supporting Korean medicine society and the mirror committee for motivation, and 6) planning the international joint research for development of standard and expanding standardization activities are recommended. In the aspect of application, there is a need for 7) expanding certification systems for the industry and 8) evaluation and feedback on the life-cycle of standardization. Lastly, 9) educational programs for training experts of standardization shall be developed and implemented. Conclusions: In order to invigorate standardization activities for Korean medicine, enhancement of planning and evaluation capacity, ensuring the strategic development of standards, broadening boundaries of international standardization activities, and training professionals are required.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.156-162
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• 2019

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by progressive joint deterioration; Furthermore, RA can also affect body tissues, including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart and blood vessels. The early stages of RA can be difficult to diagnose because the signs and symptoms mimic those of many other diseases. It is not known exactly what triggers the onset of RA and how to cure the disease. But recent discoveries indicate that remission of symptoms is more likely when treatment begins early with strong medications known as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are typical examples of biotherapies that have been developed for RA. The substances may occur naturally in the body or may be made in the laboratory. Other biological therapies care biological response modifiers (BRMs)such as monoclonal antibodies, interferon, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and a protein binder using repeat units. These substances play significant anti-inflammatory roles. Proteins with recurrent, conserved amino acid stretches mediate interactions among proteins for essential biological functions; for example, ankyrin (ANK), Heat repeat protein (HEAT), armadillo repeat protein (ARM) and tetratricopeptide repeats (TPR). Here, we describe Leucine rich repeats (LRR) that ideally fold together to form a solenoid protein domain and is more applicable to our current study than the previously mentioned examples. Although BRMs have limitations in terms of immunogenicity and effector functions, among other factors, in the context therapeutic use and for proteomics research, We has become clear that repeat-unit-derived binding proteins will increasingly be used in biotechnology and medicine.