• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.315-325
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• 2019

The paper aims to explore the factors affecting potential users of international bank cards in Vietnam. With milestones treaties being signed CPTPP and EVFTA, Vietnam is now exposing itself to the international open environment. Bank card market is at the core of this wind of change, and that is the reason for us to research the intention to use international bank cards. Given that the decision to choose international bank cards could either be the switch from domestic cards or adopting a brand new card, we develop some specific constructs to reflect that consideration, specifically PE and PD, asides from traditional constructs used in TPB and TAM frameworks. The analysis work is conducted using PLS-SEM approach. Our findings reveals that most of our proposed hypotheses are supported, in which SN plays the most important direct role to INT, while total effect of PU on INT is similar to that of SN. The newly introduced PD negatively and significantly impacts INT, and PE also has a positive impact on INT. The findings suggest that overall, it is important for bank card issuers to have a balance approach to the market, with focus on increasing usefulness and reducing potential disadvantages of international bank cards.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.149-168
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• 2007

e-Trade Payment system has been transformed by quickly and effectively. The e-trade Payment system such as TradeCard System, Bolero Surf, Identrus Eleanor and e-Escrow and e-letter of Credit issued by SWIFT System enable partly sellers, buyers and service providers. This paper studies for SWIFT, Surf, TradeCard, Eleanor, e-Escrow as international trade payment, As reason following : The First, Bolero is a neutral secure platform enabling paperless trading between exporter, importer, and their logistics service and bank partners, insurance company. The Second, TradeCard is to manage procurement-to-payment worldwide, that is exporter, importer and connected partners, paperless platform. The Third, Identrus is the global leader in trusted identity solutions, recognized by global financial institutions, commercial organizations and bank partners around the world. The Forth, Escrow payment have effect to L/C issue and enter into electronic contracts in internet bank. Trader practice use Escrow Bank as the same bank that rules to Issuing Bank and Advising Bank and payment, acceptance. This paper of these electronic payment have studies new international trade payment to approach such as eUCP rules and TradeCard System, Surf of bolero, eleanor of Identrus, SWIFT.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.47-56
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• 2022

Recently bank card number recognition plays an important role in improving payment efficiency. In this paper we propose a new bank-card number identification algorithm. The proposed algorithm consists of three modules which include edge detection, candidate region generation, and recognition. The module of 'edge detection' is used to obtain the possible digital region. The module of 'candidate region generation' has the role to expand the length of the digital region to obtain the candidate card number regions, i.e. to obtain the final bank card number location. And the module of 'recognition' has Convolutional deep learning Neural Network (CNN) to identify the final bank card numbers. Experimental results show that the identification rate of the proposed algorithm is 95% for the card numbers, which shows 20% better than that of conventional algorithm or method.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.14
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• pp.237-256
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• 2000

Electronic commerce has been threatening to address the transaction inefficiencies in international trade that is conducted through letters of credit(L/Cs) and other forms of traditional paper-based financial instruments. The replacement of traditional paper documets with electronic alternatives is becoming more of a relity within a number of business sectors. The conceptual model of electronic L/Cs presented in this paper is intended to provide a framework for discussing the development of a paperless credit. The TradeCard network provides a business-to-business e-commerce infrastructure that enables buyers and sellers to conduct and settle international trade transactions securely over the Internet. Sellers and Buyers should select the best payment methods of traditional L/Cs, electronic L/Cs, TradeCard, Bank Credit Card etc. in consideration of their business circumstances.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.159-176
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• 2005

The Purpose of this Article is to analyze the special settlement and electronic settlement system in the international trade. First, Factoring is a fast, easy and flexible way to improve a company's cash flow and generate working capital for the company. Factoring can be short-term or part of an ongoing financing program. New companies can benefit as well, since there is no requirement for a long-term credit history. Second, Forfaiting is a method of trade financing that allows exporters to obtain cash and be free of all risks by selling their medium term receivables on a 'without recourse' basis. Forfaiting can be an alternative to export credit or insurance cover, especially for those transactions in which the export credit agency is not open to a particular country and/or bank. Third, The Bolero System is jointly financed by SWIFT(Society for World International Financial Telecommunications) which handles most of the electronic funds transfer for banks, and the Through Transport Mutual Assurance Association(the TT Club), a mutual insurance association most of whose members are drawn from the Multimodal transport industry or transport intermediaries. Fourth, TradeCard is a payment and settlement system that is an alternative to letters of crdeit. That is, TradeCard is a business-to-business e-commerce infrastructure that enables buyers and sellers to conduct and settle international trade transactions securely over the Internet.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.75-94
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• 2005

With most major full service banks having launched transactional Internet banking, attention is shifting to the realities of managing the Internet channel as a profitable component of an overall delivery strategy. In addition to examining Case Study and Internet Bank Model. Services of Internet Banking available through the Internet are as follows. 1. credit card loans, personal loans. 2. high-yield financial products. 3. insurance products. 4. securities products. 5. Case study of Foreign Internet Banking(ING, BNP, HSNC, City Bank). The study reviewed fields, including financial services, customer service, Website formation and design, convenience of use and system safety, Internet Banking Model, and many related areas. Internet Banking earned high marks in most fields. This study review focuses on the following: Understanding and meeting consumer expectations for us ability, site performance and functionality. Integrating the Internet channel into overall marketing, product delivery and customer service strategies. Strategies to increase customer satisfaction with Internet Banking and to attract new Internet bankers. therefore this study review activity model concretion of Internet Banking Model and Case Study.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.16.1-16.4
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• 2010

Cryopreservation of mouse embryos and spermatozoa has become the foremost technique for preserving large numbers of different strains of mice with induced mutations. In 1998, our mouse bank was established in the Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Japan, based on the Preservation, supply and development of genetically engineered animals report published by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. We cryopreserve mouse embryos and sperm, supply these resources, organize training courses to educate people and form part of a domestic and international network of both mutagenesis and resource centers. We currently have over 1,500 mouse strains, 842,000 frozen embryos and 26,000 straws containing frozen sperm. Moreover, we disclose information about 1,300 deposited strains. Furthermore, over 400 strains of frozen embryos or mice produced from frozen embryos and sperm are being supplied to the requesters both domestically and internationally. Additionally we hold training courses on the cryopreservation of mouse germplasm 2~3 times a year, both domestically and internationally. In the course, we teach basic reproductive engineering techniques to trainees on a man-to-man basis. We have already held 28 training courses on the cryopreservation of mouse germplasm at our center and at other institutes.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.15
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• pp.59-87
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• 2001

In recent years electronic fund transfers covered by the Electronic Fund Transfer Act 1978 for consumer protection and the Article 4A of Uniform Commercial Code(U.C.C.) 1989 for wholesale electronic payments in United States. Electronic fund transfers carried out by use of a wire transfer network, automated clearing house, or other communication system of a clearing house or other association of banks such as direct deposit, Fedwire, automated teller machine, point-of-sale, and credit card transactions have been increasingly common in consumer transactions and wholesale transactions. Especially, the Article 4A of U.C.C. governs the rights and obligations associated with transactions such as an issue and acceptance of payment order, execution of sender's payment order by receiving bank, and payment. These legal frameworks in connection with electronic fund transfers in United States can play a leading role in establishing model not only within the United States, but also as a basis for developments of electronic commerce law in Korea including other countries.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.1-34
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• 2010

We conduct a comprehensive risk analysis of household debt in Korea for the first time using the whole sample credit bureau (CB) data of 2.2 million individual debtors. After analysing debt service capacity profiles of debtor groups classified by the borrower characteristics such as income, age, occupation, credit scoring, and the type of creditor business companies, we investigate the impact of interest rate and income changes on debt service-to-income ratios (DTIs) and default rates of respective debtor groups. Empirical results indicate that debt service burdens are relatively high for low income wage earners, high income self-employed, low income capital and card loan holders, and high income mutual savings loan holders. We also find that debtors from multiple financial companies are particularly weak in their debt service capacity. The scenario analysis indicates that financial companies, with the current level of capital buffers, may be able to absorb negative consequences arising from the increase in DTIs and loan default rates if the interest rate and income changes remain modest. However, the negative consequences may fall disproportionately on non-bank financial companies such as capital, credit card, and mutual savings banks, whose debtors' DTIs are already high. We also find that the refinancing risk of household debt is relatively high in Korea as more than half of household mortgage debts are bullet loans. As the DTIs of mortgage loan holders are already high, under the current DTI regulation, mortgage loans may not be readily refinanced especially when the interest rate rises. Disruptions in mortgage loan refinancing may put downward pressure on housing prices, which may in turn magnify refinancing risk under the current loan-to-value (LTV) regulation. Overall our analysis suggests that, for more effective monitoring of household debt risk, it is necessary to combine existing surveillance schemes based on macro aggregate indicators with more comprehensive and detailed risk analyses based on micro individual data.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.111-133
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• 2010

Marketing financial services used to be easier. Today, the competition in financial services is fierce. Not only has the competition become more intense, financial services have also changed structurally. In an environment with various customer needs and severe competitions, the marketing in financial services industry is getting more difficult and more important than before. However, there are still not enough studies on financial services marketing in Korea whereas lots of research papers have been published frequently in some international journals. The purpose of this paper is (1)to review the literature on financial services marketing, (2)to investigate current marketing activities based on in-depth interview with financial marketing managers in Korea, and (3)to suggest some implications for future research on the financial services marketing. Financial products are not consumer products. In fact, they are not products at all in the way product marketing is usually described. Nor are they altogether like services. The financial industry operates in a unique way, and its marketing tasks are correspondingly complex. However, the literature review shows that there has been a lack of basic studies which dealt with inherent characteristics of financial services marketing compared to the research on marketing in other industries. Many studies in domestic marketing journals have so far focused only on the general customer behaviors and the special issues in some financial industries. However, for more effective financial services marketing, we have to answer following questions. Is there any difference between financial service marketing and consumer packaged goods marketing? What are the differences between the financial services marketing and other services marketing such as education and health services? Are there different ways of marketing among banks, securities firms, insurance firms, and credit card companies? In other words, we need more detailed research as well as basic studies about the financial services marketing. For example, we need concrete definitions of financial services marketing, bank marketing, securities firm marketing, and etc. It is also required to compare the characteristics of each marketing within the financial services industry. The products sold in each market have different characteristics such as duration and degree of risk-taking. It means that there are sub-categories in financial services marketing. We have to consider them in the future research on the financial services marketing. It is also necessary to study customer decision making process in the financial markets. There have been little research on how customers search and process information, compare alternatives, make final decision, and repeat their choices. Because financial services have some unique characteristics, we need different understandings in the customer behaviors compared to the behaviors in other service markets. And also considering the rapid growth in financial markets and upcoming severe competition between domestic and global financial companies, it is time to start more systematic and detailed research on financial services marketing in Korea. In the second part of this paper, I analyzed the results of in-depth interview with 20 marketing managers of financial services companies in Korea. As a result, I found that the role of marketing departments in Korean financial companies are mainly focused on the short-term activities such as sales support, promotion, and CRM data analysis although the size and history of marketing departments to some extent show a sign of maturity. Most companies established official marketing departments before 2001. Average number of employees in a marketing department is about 58. However, marketing managers in eight companies(40% of the sample) still think that the purpose of marketing is only to support and manage general sales activities. It shows that some companies have sales-oriented concept rather than marketing-oriented concept. I also found three key words which marketing managers think importantly in financial services markets. They are (1)Trust in customer relationship, (2)Brand differentiation, and (3)Rapid response to customer needs. 50% of the sample support that "Trust" is the most important key word in the financial services marketing. It is interesting that 80% of banks and securities companies think that "Trust" is the most important thing, whereas managers in credit card companies consider "Rapid response to customer needs" as the most important key word in their market. In addition, there are different problems recognition of marketing managers depending on the types of financial industries they belong to. For example, in the case of banks and insurance companies, marketing managers consider "a lack of communication with other departments" as the most serious problem. On the other hand, in the case of securities firms, "a lack of utilization of customer data" is the most serious problem. These results imply that there are different important factors for the customer satisfaction depending on the types of financial industries, and managers have to consider them when marketing financial products in more effective ways. For example, It will be necessary for marketing managers to study different important factors which affect customer satisfaction, repeat purchase, degree of risk-taking, and possibility of cross-selling according to the types of financial industries. I also suggested six hypothetical propositions for the future research.